Rice dry matter and nitrogen accumulation, soil mineral N around root and N leaching, with increasing application rates of fertilizer

To establish N-efficient crop rotations with perennial ryegrass/white clover, maize and triticale, a 9-year field experiment was executed on an organic experimental farm in the Netherlands. Crop rotations with different levels of slurry (dairy effluent from the free-stall barn, average dry matter content of 7%) application were tested for dry matter (DM) yield, N yield, soil mineral N in autumn, soil organic matter and soil organic N. Maize cropping and slurry application both increased annual DM yield. However, the second year of grass/ clover following maize, maize itself and slurry applications each resulted in higher soil mineral N in autumn, increasing the risk of nitrate leaching losses. A rotation of 4 years of grass/clover, 2 years of maize and 1 year of triticale resulted in relatively high average annual DM production (12 t DM/ha/year) for Dutch conditions, with a higher potential N leaching loss in 2 out of 7 years. Keywords: crop rotation, grass clover, maize, triticale, N efficiency, soil mineral N

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Computer simulation of changes in soil mineral nitrogen and crop nitrogen during autumn, winter and spring

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600081089 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 109 (1) ◽

pp. 141-157 ◽

Cited By ~ 213

Author(s):

T. M. Addiscott ◽

A. P. Whitmore

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Dry Matter ◽

N Uptake ◽

Sowing Date ◽

Mineralization Rate ◽

Soil Mineral N ◽

Soil Mineral ◽

Soil Mineral Nitrogen ◽

Mineral N ◽

Crop N Uptake

summaryThe computer model described simulates changes in soil mineral nitrogen and crop uptake of nitrogen by computing on a daily basis the amounts of N leached, mineralized, nitrified and taken up by the crop. Denitrification is not included at present. The leaching submodel divides the soil into layers, each of which contains mobile and immobile water. It needs points from the soil moisture characteristic, measured directly or derived from soil survey data; it also needs daily rainfall and evaporation. The mineralization and nitrification submodel assumes pseudo-zero order kinetics and depends on the net mineralization rate in the topsoil and the daily soil temperature and moisture content, the latter being computed in the leaching submodel. The crop N uptake and dry-matter production submodel is a simple function driven by degree days of soil temperature and needs in addition only the sowing date and the date the soil returns to field capacity, the latter again being computed in the leaching submodel. A sensitivity analysis was made, showing the effects of 30% changes in the input variables on the simulated amounts of soil mineral N and crop N present in spring when decisions on N fertilizer rates have to be made. Soil mineral N was influenced most by changes in rainfall, soil water content, mineralization rate and soil temperature, whilst crop N was affected most by changes in soil temperature, rainfall and sowing date. The model has so far been applied only to winter wheat growing through autumn, winter and spring but it should be adaptable to other crops and to a full season.The model was validated by comparing its simulations with measurements of soil mineral N, dry matter and the amounts of N taken up by winter wheat in experiments made at seven sites during 5 years. The simulations were assessed graphically and with the aid of several statistical summaries of the goodness of fit. The agreement was generally very good; over all years 72% of all simulations of soil mineral N to 90 cm depth were within 20 kg N/ha of the soil measurements; also 78% of the simulations of crop nitrogen uptake were within 15 kg N/ha and 63% of the simulated yields of dry matter were within 25 g/m2 of the amounts measured. All correlation coefficients were large, positive, and highly significant, and on average no statistically significant differences were found between simulation and measurement either for soil mineral N or for crop N uptake.

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Split nitrogen application in potato: effects on accumulation of nitrogen and dry matter in the crop and on the soil nitrogen budget

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859699006966 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 133 (3) ◽

pp. 263-274 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

J. VOS

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

N Recovery ◽

Separate Analysis ◽

Soil Mineral N ◽

Soil Mineral ◽

Mineral N ◽

N Application ◽

N Content ◽

Total N ◽

N Utilization

In four field experiments, the effects of single nitrogen (N) applications at planting on yield and nitrogen uptake of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) was compared with two or three split applications. The total amount of N applied was an experimental factor in three of the experiments. In two experiments, sequential observations were made during the growing season. Generally, splitting applications (up to 58 days after emergence) did not affect dry matter (DM) yield at maturity and tended to result in slightly lower DM concentration of tubers, whereas it slightly improved the utilization of nitrogen. Maximum haulm dry weight and N content were lower when less nitrogen was applied during the first 50 days after emergence (DAE). The crops absorbed little extra nitrogen after 60 DAE (except when three applications were given). Soil mineral N (0–60 cm) during the first month reflected the pattern of N application with values up to 27 g/m2 N. After 60 DAE, soil mineral N was always around 2–5 g/m2. The efficiency of N utilization, i.e. the ratio of the N content of the crop to total N available (initial soil mineral N+deposition+net mineralization) was 0·45 for unfertilized controls. The utilization of fertilizer N (i.e. the apparent N recovery) was generally somewhat improved by split applications, but declined with the total amount of N applied (range 0·48–0·72). N utilization and its complement, possible N loss, were similar for both experiments with sequential observations. Separate analysis of the movement of Br− indicated that some nitrate can be washed below 60 cm soil depth due to dispersion during rainfall. The current study showed that the time when N application can be adjusted to meet estimated requirements extends to (at least) 60 days after emergence. That period of time can be exploited to match the N application to the actual crop requirement as it changes during that period.

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Nitrogen availability in a Darling Downs soil following cereal, oilseed and grain legume crops. 1. Soil nitrogen accumulation

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9860347 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 347 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

WM Strong ◽

J Harbison ◽

RGH Nielsen ◽

BD Hall ◽

EK Best

Keyword(s):

Soil Nitrogen ◽

Nitrogen Availability ◽

Grain Legumes ◽

Mineral Nitrogen ◽

Grain Legume ◽

Nitrogen Accumulation ◽

Soil Mineral N ◽

Soil Mineral ◽

Soil Mineral Nitrogen ◽

Mineral N

Available soil mineral nitrogen (N) was determined in a Darling Downs clay at intervals of 4-6 weeks throughout summer and autumn after harvest of two cereals (wheat and oats), two oilseeds (rapeseed and linseed), and four grain legumes (chickpea, fieldpea, lupin and lathyrus). Soil mineral N (0-1.2 m) at 40,68, 107, 150 and 185 days after harvest was affected (P < 0.05) by the prior crop. At 40 days it was generally higher following grain legumes (34-76 kg/ha N) than following oilseeds or cereals (16-30 kg/ha N). Net increase during the next 145 days was in the order of cereals (2 1-27 kg/ha N) < oilseeds (40 kg/ha N) <grain legumes (53-85 kg/ha N). These differences are partly accounted for by differences in the quantities of N removed in the grain of these crops. However, a large quantity of mineral N accumulated following lupin even though a large quantity (80 kg/ha) was removed in the grain.

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Effect of soil tillage, crop rotation and nitrogen application rates on soil mineral-N levels in the Swartland wheat producing area of South Africa

South African Journal of Plant and Soil ◽

10.1080/02571862.2003.10634920 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 119-126 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S. H. Maali ◽

G. A. Agenbag

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Crop Rotation ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

Soil Mineral N ◽

Nitrogen Application ◽

Soil Mineral ◽

Mineral N ◽

Application Rates

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Timing incorporation of different green manure crops to minimize the risk of nitrogen leaching

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.5613 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 7 (5-6) ◽

pp. 553-567 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

H. KÄNKÄNEN ◽

A. KANGAS ◽

T. MELA

Keyword(s):

Green Manure ◽

Trifolium Pratense ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Field Trials ◽

N Leaching ◽

Soil Mineral N ◽

Soil Mineral ◽

Mineral N ◽

Plant Materials ◽

N Content

Seven field trials at four research sites were carried out to study the effect of incorporation time of different plant materials on soil mineral N content during two successive seasons. Annual hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), westerwold ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. var. westerwoldicum) and straw residues of N-fertilized spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) were incorporated into the soil by ploughing in early September, late October and the following May, and by reduced tillage in May. Delaying incorporation of the green manure crop in autumn lessened the risk of N leaching. The higher the crop N and soil NO3-N content, the greater the risk of leaching. Incorporation in the following spring, which lessened the risk of N leaching as compared with early autumn ploughing, often had an adverse effect on the growth of the succeeding crop. After spring barley, the NO3-N content of the soil tended to be high, but the timing of incorporation did not have a marked effect on soil N. With exceptionally high soil mineral N content, N leaching was best inhibited by growing westerwold ryegrass in the first experimental year. ;

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Responses of yield and N use of spring sown crops to N fertilization, with special reference to the use of plant growth regulators

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.5639 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 8 (4-5) ◽

pp. 423-440 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

L. PIETOLA ◽

R. TANNI ◽

P. ELONEN

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

N Uptake ◽

N Fertilization ◽

N Leaching ◽

Soil Mineral N ◽

Soil Mineral ◽

Mineral N ◽

N Rates

The role of plant growth regulators (PGR) in nitrogen (N) fertilization of spring wheat and oats (CCC), fodder barley (etephon/mepiquat) and oilseed rape (etephone) in crop rotation was studied in 19931996 on loamy clay soil. Carry over effect of the N fertilization rates (0180 kg ha-1 ) was evaluated in 1997. N fertilization rate for the best grain/seed yield (120150 kg ha-1 ) was not affected by PGRs. The seed and N yields of oilseed rape were improved most frequently by recommended use of PGR. The yields of oats were increased in 199596. Even though PGR effectively shortened the plant height of spring wheat, the grain yield increased only in 1995. N yield of wheat grains was not increased. Response of fodder barley to PGR was insignificant or even negative in 1995. The data suggest that PGRs may decrease some N leaching at high N rates by improving N uptake by grain/seeds, if the yield is improved. The carryover study showed that in soils with no N fertilization, as well as in soils of high N rates, N uptake was higher than in soils with moderate N fertilization (6090 kg ha-1 ), independent of PGRs. According to soil mineral N contents, N leaching risk is significant (1535 kg ha-1 ) only after dry and warm late seasons. After a favourable season of high yields, the N rates did not significantly affect soil mineral N contents. ;

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Nitrogen Uptake of Field-grown Cotton. I. Distribution in Plant Components in Relation to Fertilization and Yield

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479700010553 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 91-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

D. M. Oosterhuis ◽

J. Chipamaunga ◽

G. C. Bate

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Uptake ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Field Trials ◽

Early Growth ◽

Soil Mineral N ◽

Soil Mineral ◽

Inorganic N ◽

Mineral N ◽

Total N ◽

Plant Components

SUMMARYThree levels of nitrogen (N) were applied to cotton grown in irrigated field trials at two locations in Zimbabwe in 1978. Dry matter (DM) production, total uptake and distribution of N among vegetative and reproductive components, and soil mineral-N contents were recorded about every 14 days. About 60% of total DM was produced, and 40% of total N taken up, between 10 and 16 weeks after sowing. Most N was present in vegetative parts, particularly leaves and branches, during early growth but, later, it accumulated in buds, flowers and bolls. At maturity, seeds and lint contained 42% of total above-ground plant N. N concentrations were similar in sympodial and mainstem leaves, petioles and branches. Inorganic N applied at sowing had little effect on plant N, but when given after 10 weeks it increased the N content of leaves, stems, branches, petioles and bolls.

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The effect of winter cover crop management on nitrate leaching losses and crop growth

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859698005899 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 131 (3) ◽

pp. 299-308 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

G. S. FRANCIS ◽

K. M. BARTLEY ◽

F. J. TABLEY

Keyword(s):

Nitrate Leaching ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Dry Matter ◽

N Uptake ◽

Soil Mineral N ◽

Soil Mineral ◽

Mineral N ◽

Leaching Losses ◽

Matter Production ◽

Fallow Soil

Two field experiments in Canterbury, New Zealand, were conducted during 1993–95 following the ploughing of temporary pasture leys. These experiments investigated the effects of cover crop management on the accumulation of soil mineral N and nitrate leaching during winter, and the growth and N uptake of the following spring cereal crop. The cover crops used were ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.), mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum).Ploughing of temporary pasture in autumn (March) resulted in extensive net N mineralization of organic N by the start of winter (June). In fallow soil, mineral N in the profile in June ranged from 98 kg N/ha in 1993 to 128 kg N/ha in 1994. When cover crops were established early in the autumn (March) in 1993, both the above-ground dry matter production (1440–3108 kg DM/ha) and its N content (50–71 kg N/ha) were substantial by the start of winter. In 1994, establishment of cover crops one month later (April) resulted in very little dry matter production and N uptake by June. In both years, compared with fallow soil, winter wheat planted in May had little effect on soil mineral N content by the start of winter.Compared with fallow, cover crops had little effect on soil drainage over winter. Cumulative nitrate leaching losses from fallow soil were much smaller in 1993 (23 kg N/ha) than in 1994 (49 kg N/ha), mainly due to differences in rainfall distribution. Cover crops reduced cumulative nitrate leaching losses in 1993 to 1–5 kg N/ha and in 1994 to 22–30 kg N/ha. When cover crops were grazed, soil mineral N contents were increased due to the return of ingested plant N to urine patch areas of soil. Elevated soil mineral N contents under grazing persisted throughout the winter. Grazing had little effect on cumulative nitrate leaching losses, mainly because of the small amount of drainage that occurred after grazing in either year.Compared with fallow, incorporation of large amounts of non-leguminous above ground dry matter depressed the yield and N uptake of the following spring-sown cereal crop. Where cover crops were grazed, yields of the following cereal crops were similar to those for soil fallow over the winter.

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