Influence of Age and Geography on Chemical Composition of 98043 Urinary Stones from the USA

Abstract Background Uroliths are stones formed in the urinary tract. Analysis of stones helps to identify risk factors for their development and prevention of recurrence. Standard stone analysis using modern technology is not routinely done in Nigeria. This study sought to determine the chemical composition of urinary stones seen in Abuja, Nigeria. Methods This was a retrospective study on composition of uroliths. Urinary stones surgically removed from 155 patients through minimal access surgical procedures between January 2015 and August 2019 were analysed. Optical crystallography and infrared spectroscopy were used to determine the chemical composition of the urinary stones. Results A total of 155 urinary stones were assembled from the patients. More stones were removed from male patients and the male to female ratio was 1.9:1. Stones were rare in the extremes of age. The predominant location (89.7%) of stones was in the upper urinary tract. All stones were of mixed composition with calcium oxalate accounting for 93.55%. Calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate and uric acid stones were more common in the upper tract, while 2 of the 3 struvite stones were found in the lower tract. Conclusion Stones found in this study were of mixed composition with the most common constituent being Calcium oxalate and the least common, struvite.

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Efficacy of Hounsfield Unit of CT in Prediction of the Chemical Composition of Urinary Stones

QJM ◽

10.1093/qjmed/hcab110.004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Ahmed Salah Mahmoud Ahmed Shehata ◽

Mohamed Rafik El-Halaby ◽

Ahmed Mohamed Saafan

Keyword(s):

Uric Acid ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Chemical Structure ◽

Urinary Calculi ◽

Hounsfield Unit ◽

Urinary Stones ◽

The Mean ◽

Struvite Stones

Abstract Objectives to make a reliable correlation between the chemical composition of the urinary calculi and its Hounsfield unit on CT scan, upon which we can depend on it for prediction of the type of the urinary calculi. The prediction of the chemical structure of the stone would help us to reach a more efficient therapeutic and prophylactic plan. Methods A retrospective study was performed by interpretation of the preoperative CT scans for patients who were presented by urinary stones. Identification of the chemical structure of the calculi was implemented using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR spectroscopy). The laboratory report revealed multiple types of stones either of pure or mixed composition. Afterwards, a comparison was done between Hounsfield units of the stones and the chemical structure. Results The chemical structure of the urinary stones revealed four pure types of stones (Uric acid, Calcium Oxalate, Struvite and Cystine) and two types of mixed stones (mixed calcium oxalate+ Uric, and mixed calcium oxalate+ calcium phosphate). Uric acid stone had a mean Hounsfield Unit (HU) density of428 ± 81, which was quite less than the other stones, followed by struvite stones with density ranging about 714 ± 38. Mixed calcium oxalate stones could be differentiated from other types of stones like uric acid, pure calcium oxalate and struvite stones by the Hounsfield unit of Computed Tomography (the mean Hounsfield Unit was 886 ± 139 and 1427 ± 152 for mixed calcium oxalate + uric stone and mixed calcium oxalate + calcium phosphate stones respectively). Moreover, pure calcium oxalate stones were easily differentiated from all other stones using the mean Hounsfield density as it was 1158 ± 83. It was challenging only when it was compared to cystine stones, as they were quiet similar to HU value (997 ± 14). The variation of Hounsfield values among the previously mentioned stones, was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion The study proved that the Hounsfield Unit of CT scanning is a convenient measure to predict the chemical structure of urinary calculi.

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A survey of mycotoxin contamination and chemical composition of distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) imported from the USA into Saudi Arabia

Environmental Science and Pollution Research ◽

10.1007/s11356-017-9130-2 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (18) ◽

pp. 15401-15405 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Alaeldein M. Abudabos ◽

Raed M. Al-Atiyat ◽

Rifat Ullah Khan

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Mycotoxin Contamination ◽

The Usa

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Determination of the chemical composition of urinary stones in vivo by the profile of nutrient consumption

Experimental and Сlinical Urology ◽

10.29188/2222-8543-2020-13-4-50-56 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 50-56

Author(s):

M.Yu. Prosiannikov ◽

◽

S.A. Golovanov ◽

O.V. Konstantinova ◽

D.A. Voytko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

High Precision ◽

Ammonium Phosphate ◽

Classification Model ◽

Urinary Stones ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate ◽

Data Set

Introduction. Сurrently, existing methods for determining the chemical composition of the stone in vivo do not have the necessary accuracy. In this regard, the development of methods for high-precision determination of the chemical nature of urinary stones using modern technologies is relevant for modern urology. Materials and methods. 72 patients with urolithiasis who were treated at the Institute of urology and interventional radiology. N.A. Lopatkin – a branch of the Federal state budgetary institution «NMIC of radiology» of the Ministry of health of Russia, along with standard methods of examination, performed the determination of the chemical composition of urinary stones using infrared spectroscopy. Urinary stones were classified according to the predominant mineral component into six main types (calcium-oxalate, uric acid, calcium phosphate, magnesium-ammonium-phosphate, urate–ammonium and mixed), as well as determining the nutrition stereotype for 25 nutrients using an electronic questionnaire. The classification model was built using the tools of a modern set of Data mining methods-IBM SPSS Modeler 18.0 (IBM Corporation, USA). Results. the data set includes the results of the survey of pattern of food and chemical composition analysis of urinary stones on the basis of which a model was produced, allowing high-precision to predict in vivo chemical type of urinary stones. The constructed machine-learning model (C5.0 algorithm) has high predictive accuracy (98.6-100%), specificity (98.2-100%), and sensitivity (100% for the main types of stones and 75.0% for mixed ones). Conclusions. the Developed method for determining the chemical composition of urinary calculus in vivo based on the indicators of the patients nutrition stereotype has a high specificity, sensitivity and accuracy, which allows using this prognostic model in clinical practice.

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Significant contrasts in aerosol acidity between China and the United States

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-21-8341-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (10) ◽

pp. 8341-8356

Author(s):

Bingqing Zhang ◽

Huizhong Shen ◽

Pengfei Liu ◽

Hongyu Guo ◽

Yongtao Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

The United States ◽

Formation Mechanisms ◽

Aerosol Composition ◽

Ph Values ◽

Aerosol Acidity ◽

Aerosol Mass ◽

The Usa ◽

Mass Concentrations

Abstract. Aerosol acidity governs several key processes in aerosol physics and chemistry, thus affecting aerosol mass and composition and ultimately climate and human health. Previous studies have reported aerosol pH values separately in China and the United States (USA), implying different aerosol acidity between these two countries. However, there is debate about whether mass concentration or chemical composition is the more important driver of differences in aerosol acidity. A full picture of the pH difference and the underlying mechanisms responsible is hindered by the scarcity of simultaneous measurements of particle composition and gaseous species, especially in China. Here we conduct a comprehensive assessment of aerosol acidity in China and the USA using extended ground-level measurements and regional chemical transport model simulations. We show that aerosols in China are significantly less acidic than in the USA, with pH values 1–2 units higher. Based on a proposed multivariable Taylor series method and a series of sensitivity tests, we identify major factors leading to the pH difference. Compared to the USA, China has much higher aerosol mass concentrations (gas + particle, by a factor of 8.4 on average) and a higher fraction of total ammonia (gas + particle) in the aerosol composition. Our assessment shows that the differences in mass concentrations and chemical composition play equally important roles in driving the aerosol pH difference between China and the USA – increasing the aerosol mass concentrations (by a factor of 8.4) but keeping the relative component contributions the same in the USA as the level in China increases the aerosol pH by ∼ 1.0 units and further shifting the chemical composition from US conditions to China's that are richer in ammonia increases the aerosol pH by ∼ 0.9 units. Therefore, China being both more polluted than the USA and richer in ammonia explains the aerosol pH difference. The difference in aerosol acidity highlighted in the present study implies potential differences in formation mechanisms, physicochemical properties, and toxicity of aerosol particles in these two countries.

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Estimation of the impact of phosphates and magnesium excretion on the frequency of urinary stones formation of different chemical composition

Experimental and Сlinical Urology ◽

10.29188/2222-8543-2020-12-3-58-64 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 58-64

Author(s):

M.Yu Prosiannikov ◽

◽

N.V. Anokhin ◽

S.A. Golovanov ◽

O.V. Konstantinova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Urinary Stones ◽

Magnesium Excretion ◽

The Impact

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Comparison of Aluminum Alloys from Aircraft of Four Nations Involved in the WWII Conflict Using Multiscale Analyses and Archival Study

Heritage ◽

10.3390/heritage2040172 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 2784-2801 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Toufa Ouissi ◽

Gilles Collaveri ◽

Philippe Sciau ◽

Jean-Marc Olivier ◽

Magali Brunet

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Aluminum Alloys ◽

Magnesium Content ◽

Light Metal ◽

Historical Research ◽

Multiscale Approach ◽

The Usa ◽

The Uk ◽

Archival Study

Aluminum alloys are very interesting witnesses of industrial and technical development. The first ever developed was Duralumin, a light metal with good mechanical properties. In the 1930s, the rise of nationalism stimulated research and development, generating various aluminum alloys. This work reports the comparison of two versions of aluminum alloys, which were found in collected parts of WWII crashed aircraft from four nations: a Messerschmitt Bf 109 (DE), a Dewoitine D.520 (FR), and a P-51 Mustang (USA) and an Avro Lancaster (United Kingdom). The first version of alloy with magnesium content below or equal to 1 wt.% and the second version with higher magnesium content (1.5 wt.%), were identified as respectively AlCuMg1, AlCuMg2 in Germany; Duralumin, Duralumin F.R. in France; Hiduminium DU Brand, Hiduminium 72 in the UK and 17S, 24S in the USA. This study uses a multiscale approach based on historical research complimented by laboratory analyses of materials directly collected on the crashed aircraft. It allows a comparison and a better knowledge of the alloys used in each nations: their chemical composition, designations, microstructure, and mechanical properties are investigated.

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