New solubility and heat of absorption data for CO2 in blends of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) and Piperazine (PZ) and a new eNRTL model representation

2021 ◽  
pp. 113235
Author(s):  
Ardi Hartono ◽  
Rafiq Ahmad ◽  
Hallvard F. Svendsen ◽  
Hanna K. Knuutila
Keyword(s):  
Model Representation ◽  
Absorption Data

SIGMAL: A Program for Calculating L-Shell lonization Cross-Sections

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 198-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.F. Egerton
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Fortran Program ◽  
Absorption Data ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Atomic Electrons ◽  
Energy Dependent ◽  
Hydrogenic Model ◽  
Electron Energy Loss ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
Shell Ionization

SIGMAL is a short (∼ 100-line) Fortran program designed to rapidly compute cross-sections for L-shell ionization, particularly the partial crosssections required in quantitative electron energy-loss microanalysis. The program is based on a hydrogenic model, the L1 and L23 subshells being represented by scaled Coulombic wave functions, which allows the generalized oscillator strength (GOS) to be expressed analytically. In this basic form, the model predicts too large a cross-section at energies near to the ionization edge (see Fig. 1), due mainly to the fact that the screening effect of the atomic electrons is assumed constant over the L-shell region. This can be remedied by applying an energy-dependent correction to the GOS or to the effective nuclear charge, resulting in much closer agreement with experimental X-ray absorption data and with more sophisticated calculations (see Fig. 1 ).

Backside Emission Microscopy for Integrated Circuits on Heavily Doped Substrate

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Lang Chiang ◽  
Neeraj Khurana ◽  
Daniel T. Hurley ◽  
Ken Teasdale
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Absorption Data ◽  
Ir Radiation ◽  
Heavily Doped ◽  
Emission Microscopy ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Emission Detection ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Backside emission microscopy on heavily doped substrate materials was analyzed from the viewpoint of optical absorption by the substrate and sample preparation technique. Although it was widely believed that silicon is transparent to infrared (IR) radiation, we demonstrated by using published absorption data that silicon with doping levels above 5 x 1018cm-3 is virtually opaque, leaving only a narrow transmission window around the energy bandgap. Because the transmission depends exponentially on the thickness of die, thinning to below 100µm is shown to be required. Even an advanced IR sensor such as HgCdTe would find little light to detect without thinning the die. For imaging the circuit, an IR laser-based system produced poor images in which the diffraction patterns often ruined the contrast and obscured the image. Hence, a precise, controlled die thinning technique is required both for emission detection and backside imaging. A thinning and polishing technique was briefly described that was believed to be applicable to most ceramic packages. A software technique was employed to solve the image quality problem commonly encountered in backside imaging applications using traditional microscope light source and a scientific grade CCD camera. Finally, we showed the impact of die thickness on imaging circuits on a heavily doped n type substrate.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetic Appraisal of Carprofen Delivery from Intra-Articular Nanoparticles: A Population Modeling Approach in Rabbits

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Alexander Parra-Coca ◽  
Antonio Boix-Montañés ◽  
Ana C. Calpena ◽  
Helena Colom
Keyword(s):  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Drug Uptake ◽  
Terminal Phase ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Analysis ◽  
Rate Process ◽  
Absorption Data ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Flip Flop ◽  
Burst Effect ◽  
Healthy Humans

Osteoarthritis is frequently treated in veterinary settings with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) such as carprofen (CP). Its action over the articular cartilage can be enhanced by increasing drug uptake into the cartilage, alongside its site of action, and anticipating its rapid distribution towards the bloodstream. A pharmacokinetic study to evaluate carprofen nanoparticles (NP) after intraarticular administration (IA) in rabbits was performed through a modeling allometric approach. The pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma profiles showed a rapid CP distribution outwards the synovial chamber but mainly remaining in plasma (Vc = 0.14 L/5 Kg), according to its high protein-binding. The absorption data modeling showed the occurrence of two different release–absorption rate processes after nanoparticle administration in the synovial space, i.e., a fast rate process causing a burst effect and involving the 59.5% of the total CP absorbed amount and a slow rate process, involving 40.5%. Interestingly, the CP burst effect inside the joint space enhances its diffusion towards cartilage resulting in CP accumulation in about three times higher concentrations than in plasma. In line with these results, the normalized-by-dose area under the concentration vs. time curve (AUC) values after IA were 80% lower than those observed after the intravenous. Moreover, the slower slope of the concentration–time terminal phase after IA administration vs. intravenous (IV) suggested a flip-flop phenomenon (0.35 h-1 vs. 0.19 h-1). Notably, CP clearances are predictive of the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of CP in healthy humans (0.14 L/h/5 kg vs. 2.92 L/h/70 kg) although an over-estimation has been detected for cats or dogs (10 times and 4 times, respectively). This fact could probably be attributed to inter-species metabolic differences. In summary, despite the limited number of animals used, this study shows that the rabbit model could be suitable for a predictive evaluation of the release enhancement of CP-NP towards the biophase in arthritic diseases not due to sterical retention of the formulation.

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