Some Features of Quantitative Analysis of Rock-Forming Minerals Using a JXA-8230 Electron Probe Microanalyzer

—The basic software package of a JXA-8230 microanalyzer, like its predecessor JXA-8100, uses the long-established ZAF correction method (with some differences) for a quantitative analysis: Calculation of mass absorption coefficients is based on Chantler’s theoretical data. The core of this method is quantum-mechanical calculation of the cross section of the interaction between an X-ray photon and atomic electrons. This innovation has had a positive influence on the trueness of X-ray microanalysis. Control tests on specimens where the absorption effect is dominant have demonstrated that the results of this analysis are slightly lower (by less than 2%) independently of the matrix absorption interval in which the analytical line is located. As a consequence, the selection of comparison specimens becomes easier: It is sufficient that the specimen under study and the comparison specimen belong to the same isomorphic series and that the intensity of the analytical line of the comparison specimen allows for the measurement with the required accuracy.

Electromagnetic properties of neutrinos from scattering on bound electrons in atom

In this paper, we consider the effects of bound atomic electrons scattered by solar neutrinos due to the electromagnetic properties of neutrinos. This necessitates considering the recoil of atomic nucleus, which should be considered in the momentum conservation, but the effect to the energy conservation is negligible. This effect changes the kinematic behavior of the scattered electron compared to that scattered on free electrons. We apply this effect to the recent XENON1T data, but the bounds obtained from this are not very restrictive. We obtained the bounds: the (transition) magnetic moment [Formula: see text] (times the electron Bohr magneton) and the charge radius [Formula: see text] cm. For a nonvanishing millicharge [Formula: see text], the allowed bound is shown in the [Formula: see text] plane.

THE FORMATION OF AN ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYER IN ACID AND NEUTRAL WATER SOLUTIONS ON THE 3-5 dm METALS

The rate-limiting steps of the electrolysis of water solution, taking into account hydrogen evolution overpotential were considered. A functional relationship between the electrical resistivity of 3–5 dm metals and their quantization energy of atomic electrons, as well as the coordination of metal atoms and hydrogen compounds, has been revealed. The rule of selecting effective metals for cathodes has been validated. Based on these rules, a reduction-relay mechanism of the hydrogen migration process in the electrical double layer in the electrochemical reduction of TiO2+ ions to Ti3+ and Fe3+ to Fe2+ in sulfuric acid process solutions for the production of pigment titanium dioxide was proposed. The method of the multistage electrochemical reduction of Fe3+ and [TiO2+ * nH2O] in process solutions for the production of titanium dioxide was design based on this study.

Treatment of Metal and Textile Fabrics Surfaces Using Plasma

In the next few years, the progresses in plasma technology will play an increasing role in our lives, providing new sources of energy. The studies conducted by scientists on plasma state not only accelerate technological developments, but also describe the characteristics and types of plasmas and improve the understanding of natural phenomena. Plasmas represent the recent fourth state of matter in addition to the three fundamental states namely solids, liquids and gases. Plasma is defined as a state of matter where the gas phase is energized until atomic electrons are no longer associated with any particular atomic nucleus or as a matter that exists as a mixture of neutral atoms, ions, electrons, molecular ions and molecules present in excited and ground states. Plasma is the result of the ionization of atoms and the level of ionization is mainly controlled by temperature, where an increase of temperature increases the degree of ionization. The term “plasma” introduced by the scientist Irving Langmuir (1928) and comes from a Greek word that means moldable or Jelly material. Plasma may be produced by either heating a gas at high temperature until it is ionized or by subjecting it to a strong electric or magnetic fields. Investigators categorized plasma as non-thermal and thermal plasma. In non-thermal plasma, the electrons are at a much higher temperature than the ions and neutral particles however, in thermal plasma, the electrons and heavier particles are in thermal equilibrium at the same temperature. Plasma treatment of surfaces is initiated when electrons, molecules or neutral gas atoms, positive ions, ions along with excited gas molecules and atoms come together and interact with a particular surface. Plasma treatments can be utilized to develop thin protective layers to metal surfaces, as surface pretreatment and cleaning are the most important operations of coating technologies, in addition to induce both surface modifications and bulk property enhancements of textile materials.

4. Enthusiastic resignation

‘Enthusiastic resignation’ describes Bohr’s work with Wolfgang Pauli and Werner Heisenberg. ‘Resignation’ refers to their realization that the electron orbits that had served as the basis of Bohr’s theory had only ‘symbolic’ value. They took the correspondence principle as a guide to translating symbols describing the orbits, like position and momentum, into symbols specifying the values of observable products of atoms, like the frequency and intensity of spectral lines. Heisenberg’s breakthrough in the summer of 1925, based on a particulate view of matter, provided a basis for a coherent description of the phenomena to which atomic electrons give rise. Almost simultaneously, Erwin Schrödinger found another route to the same mathematical solution, based on a wave picture of matter, which avoided discontinuity and made calculations easier. In answering Schrödinger’s challenge, Heisenberg invented the Uncertainty Principle and Bohr worked out a more general reconciliation of the quantum puzzles, which he called ‘complementarity’.