What happened to the body of Julia Pastrana (1834-1860)? Addressing ethical issues and human remains

This paper concerns the architecture of formal burials from the La Tène period in north-western Gaul and southern Britain. The research focuses on the shape and dimensions of sepulchral pits containing inhumed or burnt human remains, on the different materials used for the internal elements, and the external constructions and structures covering, framing, or marking the burials. The study of these data exposes the preferred choices in the funerary architecture of Gallic and British communities during the last five centuries bc. The results reveal different regional funerary groups within three main cross-Channel zones according to the architectural elements of the graves and the main treatments of the body. The distinct characteristics of these groups highlight their common features and relationships with neighbouring areas of the Continental and Atlantic zones.

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Audit Fee Research on Issues Related to Ethics

Current Issues in Auditing ◽

10.2308/ciia-51897 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. A1-A22 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

David C. Hay

Keyword(s):

Audit Quality ◽

Ethical Issues ◽

Audit Fees ◽

Preliminary Evidence ◽

The Body ◽

International Ethics ◽

Ethical Problems ◽

Audit Fee ◽

Risk Areas ◽

Non Audit Services

SUMMARY Audit fees are related to important ethical issues for auditors. There has been increasing research on audit fees recently, including research on potential ethical risks regarding audit fees, which helps to illuminate some of these professional issues. The International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants (IESBA) is very interested in this area and asked me to prepare a paper reviewing the relevant research. This summary reviews research that became available from 2006 to 2016 on four issues related to audit fees—fee level, dependence, non-audit fees, and firms that have a significant non-audit services business. Examining the research shows consistent evidence about two issues, namely that audit fees for new engagements are lower and that non-audit services affect independence in appearance. There are two further issues about which there is some concern. First, there are occasional studies reporting evidence that non-audit services provided by an auditor are associated with a loss of independence indicated by lower audit quality, even though most research does not support this conclusion. Second, there has been recent concern about growth in non-audit services to non-audit clients and there is some preliminary evidence that audit quality is lower in firms that have more extensive non-audit businesses. In general, although audit fee research does not convey a message that there are widespread ethical problems, the body of research shows that there are some risk areas.

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Gene Xpert a Promising Tool in Diagnosis of Extrapulmonary TB in Developing Countries

Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine ◽

10.3329/jopsom.v39i1.51859 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 26-30

Author(s):

Jabin Akhter ◽

MA Hassan Chowdhury

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Diagnostic Tool ◽

Ethical Issues ◽

Diagnostic Delay ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

The Body ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Conventional Culture ◽

Promising Tool

Introduction: Although Tuberculosis mostly affects lungs in about 85% cases, but can cause lesion almost in every part of the body. Extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) accounts for 15 to 20% which involves other parts of the body beside the lungs. There are several methods that can diagnose Pulmonary TB (PTB) conclusively , but extrapulmonary TB is very difficult to diagnose till now especially in resource limited settings. Though it is not communicable but diagnostic delay has made it significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The snidy was aimed to find out the Gene Xpert as one of the diagnostic tool for EPTB. Methods: A laboratory based descriptive cross sectional study was conducted over a period of 17 months from January 2017 to May 2018 to ascertain the performance of Gene Xpert technique as a diagnostic tool for EPTB. Data were collected through checklist and a total of 77 clinical samples were collected purposively with prior infom,ed consent from suspected EPTB patients following ethical issues. Laboratory investigations were perfomed at Rhodolphe Merieux Laboratory, Chittagong, Bangladesh with Gene Xpert MTB/Ri f assay, conventional culture (LJ media) and Microscopy (ZN stain) for the presence of Mycobacteium tuberculosis (MTB). Results: Among the 77 samples from suspected cases, seven(9.09%) from CSF, one(!.29%) from pus and one(l .29%) from lymphnode specimens were positive by Gene Xpert MTB/Rif assay.Only one(1.29%) CSF specimen was found to be culture and microscopy positive which was Gene Xpert positive also. Except one specimen from pus that is both Gene Xpert and microscopy positive but culture negative, no other specimens from EPTB cases were culture and microscopy positive. Conclusion: Diagnosis of EPTB is challenging in worldwide. As it is paucibacillary, routine diagnostic test in detecting MTB is difficult. Gene X pert showed promising outcome in early detection of life threatening EPTB cases like TB meningitis which is common in developing countries. JOPSOM 2020; 39(1): 26-30

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Ethical Issues in Secondary Uses of Human Biological Materials from Mass Disasters

The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics ◽

10.1111/j.1748-720x.2006.00040.x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 352-365 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Bartha Maria Knoppers ◽

Madelaine Saginur ◽

Howard Cash

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

World Trade ◽

Ethical Issues ◽

Terrorist Attack ◽

World Trade Center ◽

The Body ◽

Dna Identification ◽

The World ◽

Trade Center ◽

Mass Disasters

In the trauma surrounding mass disasters, the need to identify victims accurately and as soon as possible is critical. DNA identification testing is increasingly used to identify human bodies and remains where the deceased cannot be identified by traditional means. This form of testing compares DNA taken from the body of the deceased with DNA taken from their personal items (e.g. hairbrush, toothbrush etc.) or from close biological relatives. DNA identification testing was used to identify the victims of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York on September 11, 2001, and of the victims of the Tsunami that hit Asia on December 26, 2004. Shortly after the 9/11 attack, police investigators asked the victims' families for personal items belonging to the missing, and for DNA samples from family members themselves. The New York medical examiner's office coordinated the DNA identification testing program; however, some of the identification work was contracted out to private laboratories.

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A Comparison of Medical Ethics and Managerial Ethics in the Health Sector

10.26686/wgtn.16926616 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Jane Elspeth Bryson

Keyword(s):

Health Service ◽

Medical Ethics ◽

Ethical Issues ◽

Health Sector ◽

Repertory Grid ◽

The Body ◽

Best Interests ◽

Role Perceptions ◽

Managerial Ethics ◽

Crown Health

<p>This multidisciplinary doctorate research draws on the disciplines of psychology and philosophy in its consideration and comparison of medical ethics and managerial ethics in the health sector. There is very little research which has compared the ethics of doctors and managers even though they work alongside each other in health organisations. Hence this thesis not only adds to the body of knowledge but also contributes a new perspective to applied ethics via the multidisciplinary approach. The empirical research was conducted in three phases. First, a pilot study which interviewed via the repertory grid method six doctors and managers from a Crown Health Enterprise (i.e. a public sector health provider organisation which manages a number of hospitals). Second, a series of repertory grid interviews conducted with nineteen doctors and managers from seven Crown Health Enterprises throughout New Zealand. In the third phase, the ethical constructs and role perceptions identified in the first and second phases were incorporated into a questionnaire which was distributed to 799 doctors and managers in three Crown Health Enterprises. The questionnaire posed a range of questions on role perceptions, ethical dilemmas faced, influences on ethically challenging decisions, ethical issues, and required respondents to rate an ethical manager, ethical doctor, unethical manager and unethical doctor on a range of constructs and rate which construct contributed the most to being an ethical manager and to being an ethical doctor. The main aim was to identify similarities and differences between doctors and managers. The questionnaire analysis revealed a complex three way interaction between doctor/manager raters and the ethical/unethical doctor/manager being rated. This interaction was best represented by seven of the bipolar constructs. Additionally it was found that a highly ethical doctor was seen as honest, focused on patients' best interests, and principled - has standards which are lived up to privately and publicly. The highly ethical manager was seen as honest, flexible and open to others' ideas, recognises and uses the skills of others for their good and the good of the health service, committed to and works hard for the public health service, and takes a long term/strategic view of issues and the wider implications of decisions. Overall it was concluded that the results showed that medical ethics and managerial ethics can be discussed within a general moral framework which allows for different priorities in each role. And that the fundamental difference in priorities between doctors and managers, lay in their basic role orientation - doctors focused on the patient, and managers focused on the organisation.</p>

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After the Flood: A Multidisciplinary Investigation of Human Remains Found in a Floodplain and First Record of Raft Spiders Colonizing a Corpse

Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences ◽

10.24191/jchs.v6i1(special).13166 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1(Special)) ◽

pp. 68

Author(s):

Edda E. Guareschi ◽

Paola A Magni

Keyword(s):

Case Studies ◽

Human Remains ◽

First Record ◽

The Body ◽

Manner Of Death ◽

Flooding Event ◽

Terrestrial Environments ◽

Forensic Case ◽

Floodplain Area

In the analysis of any forensic case, the estimation of time, cause and manner of death is affected by post-mortem changes. These are inextricably linked to both intrinsic characteristics of the body and a variety of external factors, mainly environmental, such as the presence and types of scavengers. While there are several research and case-studies on terrestrial environments, there is scant knowledge regarding aquatic environments, either stable or cyclical/seasonal. At present, no case studies have considered human remains discovered in the mud, following a flooding event. This case study describes a body discovered in a floodplain area in northern Italy. After a flood event, the water progressively drained out, leaving the body in the mud. Besides the unique conditions of the remains, of particular interest was the colonization by larvae of Calliphora vomitoria (L.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and raft spiders, Dolomedes fimbriatus (Clerck) (Araneae: Pisauridae), for thefirst-time recorded colonizing a corpse. The multidisciplinary approach to such an investigation is described.

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The Body in the Ditch: Alternative Funerary Practices on the Northern Frontier of the Roman Empire?

Britannia ◽

10.1017/s0068113x1900014x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 50 ◽

pp. 203-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Trudi Buck ◽

Elizabeth M. Greene ◽

Alexander Meyer ◽

Victoria Barlow ◽

Eleanor Graham

Keyword(s):

Roman Empire ◽

Dna Analysis ◽

Human Remains ◽

The Body ◽

Historical Sources ◽

North West ◽

The North ◽

Male Individual ◽

Ancient Dna Analysis ◽

Taphonomic Analysis

ABSTRACTDisarticulated human remains were recovered from a first-century fort ditch at Vindolanda on the north-west frontier of the Roman Empire. Ancient DNA analysis revealed the skeleton to be that of a male individual and forensic taphonomic analysis suggested a primary deposition of the body in a waterlogged environment with no obvious evidence of formal burial. Occurrences of disarticulated human remains outside a cemetery context are often overlooked in Roman bioarchaeology. This discovery adds to the growing body of literature regarding alternative funerary practice in the Empire, highlighting that the concept of burial and disposal of the dead is more complex than ancient historical sources suggest. Details of the DNA analysis are provided in the Supplementary Material available at https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X1900014X.

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Teaching With the Archive When the Archive Shuts Down

Essays in Romanticism ◽

10.3828/eir.2021.28.2.5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 113-126

Author(s):

Rebecca Maatta

Keyword(s):

Liberal Arts ◽

Medical Humanities ◽

Book History ◽

Ethical Issues ◽

Human Remains ◽

Health Sciences ◽

Women's Bodies ◽

Final Project ◽

History Of Art ◽

History Of

In this essay, I discuss the design of “Anatomy and the Archive,” a 300-level writing-intensive medical humanities class for students in the health sciences and liberal arts, and how I adapted when the 2020 COVID pandemic disrupted our plans to mount a gallery exhibition of archival anatomical textbooks as its final project. Students read about medical museums, the history of art and anatomy, book history, and ethical issues surrounding working with human remains, and they visited our campus’s cadaver lab. Experts in these fields guest lectured via Zoom and assisted students remotely to assemble the exhibition. When we were unable to visit a local archive or the gallery space, we brought some of the archive to the classroom and watched video tours of the gallery. Students successfully designed an exhibition “Between Beauty and Knowledge: Women’s Bodies in Anatomical Atlases,” which will open once COVID restrictions have lifted.

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3. Horror and the body

Horror: A Very Short Introduction ◽

10.1093/actrade/9780198755562.003.0004 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 63-78

Author(s):

Darryl Jones

Keyword(s):

Human Body ◽

Ethical Issues ◽

The Body ◽

Ancient World

‘Horror and the body’ looks at the variety of ways in which the human body is figured, refigured, and disfigured in horror, opening with an analysis of the history and meaning of bodily transformation and metamorphosis, beginning in the ancient world. What is meant by beast transformations? In this respect, the werewolf has an important role in horror culture. ‘Body horror’ refers the use of the transformation and disfigurement of the body in often graphic ways, and often to radical ends. There is also the notion of ‘torture porn’, which focusses on the spectacle of the body in pain. This raises interesting ethical issues.

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The Abnormalities of the Sunghir People

The People of Sunghir ◽

10.1093/oso/9780199381050.003.0020 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Erik Trinkaus ◽

Alexandra P. Buzhilova ◽

Maria B. Mednikova ◽

Maria V. Dobrovolskaya

Keyword(s):

Dental Enamel ◽

Human Remains ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

The Body ◽

Radiographic Analysis ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Detailed Assessment ◽

Normal Human ◽

Initial Description ◽

Discrete Traits

Throughout the previous chapters detailing and comparing the Sunghir human remains, there have been frequent references to their abnormalities. Some of these unusual features are obvious and sufficiently pronounced as to remove the bones from direct paleobiological consideration (e.g., the Sunghir 1 pollical osteoarthrosis and the Sunghir 3 femoral diaphyses). Other features are modest and had no apparent effect on the functional anatomical interpretations (e.g., the Sunghir 1 ulnar carpometacarpal osteoarthrosis). A few aspects may modify either the considerations of the osteometric morphology (e.g., the Sunghir 1 frontal midline protrusion) or discrete traits (e.g., the Sunghir 2 dental asymmetries). Some of these features are obviously pathological and represent reflections of developmental or degenerative strains on the body (e.g., Sunghir 2 and 3 dental enamel hypoplasias (DEH), or the Sunghir 1 manual osteoarthrosis). Other aspects may not be pathological sensu stricto but they represent variations that push the limits of “normal” human variation (e.g., the Sunghir 1 femoral asymmetry and the Sunghir 3 foramina transversaria). These aspects that have been described in detail in previous chapters are referred to here, but the others, whose description has been deferred, are detailed in this chapter. A number of these abnormalities of the Sunghir human remains have been noted previously, beginning with Debetz’s (1967) initial observations on the Sunghir 1 skeleton, the initial description of the Sunghir 2 and 3 remains (Nikityuk and Kharitonov 1984), and Bukhman’s (1984) radiographic analysis of the Sunghir 3 remains. These and further observations and interpretations were made in the context of the 1990s’ reanalysis of the Sunghir remains (Buzhilova 2000b, 2000c; Mednikova 2000c, 2000d). There have subsequently been additional analyses of specific aspects of these abnormalities, including differential diagnosis of the Sunghir 3 femoral deformities (Formicola and Buzhilova 2004), description of the T1 injury to Sunghir 1 discovered in 2009 (Trinkaus and Buzhilova 2012), detailed assessment of the Sunghir 2 and 3 DEH (Guatelli-Steinberg et al. 2013), and assessment of the degree to which the deformities of Sunghir 3 might have affected her activity levels (Cowgill et al. 2012b).

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