DNA Profiling from Dentine and It’s Role in Signifying Individuality

Forensic dentistry is the field which is a combination of forensic and dentistry. In this we go for principles used in dentistry or dentistry forthe use in judiciary. It is one field inwhich we collectthe evidence related to dentistry and analyze them for the purpose of investigation. In a crime scene or a disaster situation a lot of destruction occurs. It becomes important to determine the identity of an individual and we can say it is the identity of the deceased. This study is being conducted based on previous research and literature presented by various research scholars. When it comes to a crime scene where we do not get the victim or culprit but we find the dentalevidence and also in cases of mass disasters, catastrophic events, industrial disasters where identification is necessary if we found the dental evidence, they can help a lot in determining age, gender partial identity can be known through this evidence. Many methods are there to determine identity through dental evidence and also apart from dental evidence we have orthometric methods but dental evidence is found to be more cheap, easy, fast methods. In this we have discussed how DNA is extracted from the teeth and it's further processing so that it will help in establishing someone's identity. Keywords: Dentistry, Forensic Dentistry, Dental Evidence, Extraction, DNA Profiling etc

Forensic Analysis and Identification Processes in Mass Disasters: Explosion of Gun Powder in the Fireworks Factory

A mass disaster is a situation that involves criticality between the number of victims and resources, in terms of both men and means, present on the site of an event that is mostly unexpected and sudden. In the multidisciplinary teams that intervene, the role of forensic pathologists, who are responsible for the direction and coordination of post-mortem operations, is central, and must remain so. The authors report the case of an explosion of a pyrotechnic artifice factory, as a result of which numerous victims and injuries are recorded. So, the team completed the autopsies and created a protocol to obtain biological samples (bones, blood, teeth, muscles), while the forensic pathologists contacted the families of the alleged victims and each provided a blood sample that was collected for the DNA. The geneticist, using the method of gene extraction and amplification, obtained the DNA from each bone, tooth, and muscle of blood taken from the victims and then compared it with that extracted from the blood samples of the relatives; the electropherograms showed at least one allele for each genetic marker of the “Combined DNA Index System” in common between the victims and the families, thus allowing to establish the identity of all the subjects involved in the event. Having established the identity of all workers, it was possible to determine their whereabouts in the environment at the time of the location of fires and explosions. The results of the various forensic analyzes (autopsies, genetic investigations and even traumatological investigations) have allowed us to validate a scientific method useful in all mass disasters even when any type of anthropological or forensic dental research is difficult.

AMELOGLYPHICS-AN UPDATED REVIEW

In this modern era equipped with technologies, the crime rates are increasing exponentially. This requires newer methodologies to identify a person who is a victim as well as the perpetruator. Automated biometric systems helps in identifying the individuals by the stored information in the database which are unique for each individual. Some of the important methods are ngerprint biometrics and iris scanning.As these methods involves soft tissues they cant be relied upon during mass disasters like burn accidents and gas leakage accidents. Hence, a biometric system using the hard tissue is required for better identication of the individuals. Thus, Ameloglyphics is introduced to aid in identication of individuals died during mass disasters and it plays a vital role in forensic odontology. This review highlights this technology in detail.

Accurate and semi-automated reassociation of intermixed human skeletal remains recovered from bioarchaeological and forensic contexts

Commingled remains describes the situation of intermixed skeletal elements, an extremely common occurrence in contemporary forensic cases, archaeological mass graves, as well as fossil hominin assemblages. Given that reliable identification is typically impossible for commingled contexts, a plethora of previous studies has focused on the development of refined methods for reassociating the bones of each individual skeleton. Here, a novel virtual approach for quantifying the degree of three-dimensional shape compatibility between two adjoining bone articular surfaces is put forth. Additionally, the integrability of this method with traditional osteometric techniques is evaluated. We focus on the paradigm of the hip joint, whose articulating bone elements (the femur and the innominate bone) are crucial for reconstructing the biological profile of unidentified human remains. The results demonstrate that this new semi-automated methodology is highly accurate both for large commingled assemblages (such as those resulting from mass disasters or burials) as well as smaller-scale contexts (such as those resulting from secondary burials).

Stature estimation study based on pelvic and sacral morphometric among Malaysian population

Background Virtual anthropology in estimating stature through multislice computed tomography scanning is important for forensic cases and mass disasters. Regression formulae generated directly from other post-cranial skeleton parts can be applied for estimating stature. Literatures have revealed that scoring of pelvic shape in both sexes is significantly correlated with stature. Hereafter, this study aims to correlate the pelvic and sacral morphometric with stature based on sex and ancestry among the Malaysian population from the selected samples of 373 CT images at Kuala Lumpur Hospital. The three-dimensional pelvic girdles were first segmented from CT images through Mimics Research 17.0 software. Inter-landmark distances were measured with Microsoft 3D Builder and their respective indexes were computed. Results This study showed that the auricular lengths, ilium dimension and acetabulum were the most useful stature estimator at R > 0.5. The combination of pelvic parameters, sacral parameters and indexes had contributed to a higher R2 value of the regression models. Conclusions Pelvic morphometric was generally a better stature estimator compared to sacral morphometric. The population-specific formula produced from this study should only be realistic within the Malaysian population. This helps to enhance the existing references for stature estimation especially when incomplete human remains are discovered.

Development of a New Screening Method “Allele Matching Cut Off Score (AMCOS)” for Faster Kinship Analysis in Cases of Mass Disasters: A Proof of Concept Study

kinship analysis in forensic is based on calculation of respective kinship indices. But calculation of the same is possible only when the subject under identification has been associated to a particular population whose gene frequency data is available for the particular set of markers used in forensic practices. In case of the mass disasters where a huge number of individuals are to be identified, gathering the population frequency data and calculating the kinship indices can be an intricate progression requiring a lot of time and huge resources. The present study is based on allele matching score values which doesn’t require the use of allele frequency data to establish kinship. This method is based on the allele sharing approach which simply refers to the number of shared alleles (1 or 2) between two individuals; also known as identical by state (IBS) alleles which might have been inherited from a recent common ancestor in which the alleles are identical by descendent (IBD). In case of mass disasters this method can be used to narrow down the investigation by screening the number of related individuals which can further be confirmed with other tests if required. This method has been tested for various statistical parameters and has shown promising values which suggests the potential use of this method in forensic practice. This method has been tested on siblings and grandparent-grandchildren by using autosomal and X-STR markers both as the reference samples from parents can’t always be available. The present study also compares the results shown by autosomal and X-STR markers in siblings and grandparent-grandchildren identification, thereby suggesting the better set of markers for siblings and grandparent-grandchildren identification.

Playing through the Apocalypse: Preparing Children for Mass Disasters in Japan and Chile

There is a growing trend to prepare children for future disasters. A Japanese nonprofit organization has developed an event called Iza! Kaeru Caravan, which includes games that teach children and their families how to survive disasters, from earthquakes to floods. Many disaster experts and government officials from other countries have now implemented the Caravan in their own contexts. Based on ethnographic research in Japan and Chile, this article shows how playful methods in disaster preparedness orient children, and by proxy their families, to accept an apocalyptic future, helping the neoliberal state buy time. Advocates of disaster preparedness in Japan and Chile accept that state actors will not come immediately to the rescue. Playful methods mobilize children and their families to take responsibility for their own survival through the subjunctive work of the “as if.” Ambiguously positioned between fun and education, playful methods of preparedness command attention from children and adults—what I call “attentive play”—as they frame and reframe the games to figure out, “Is this play?” Ultimately, the article shows that attentive play buys time for the state to temporarily defer its responsibilities to citizens, but the ambiguity of play can also exceed its ideological effects.

An Overview of Treatment of Crush Syndrome.

Natural mass disasters directly or indirectly affect huge populations, who need basic infrastructural help and assistance to survive. However, despite the potentially negative impact on survival chances, the authorities often dismiss these health care issues. This impact is of great importance, especially in the emerging world, where the casualty rates are much higher because of inappropriate building materials and lack of appropriate construction standards. Thus, massive destruction can occur with earthquakes of even moderately low magnitude. The first description of the crush syndrome appeared in the modern medical literature after the Messina earthquake in 1909. Since crush syndrome is quite rare in daily practice, mistakes are frequent in treating these cases. This review summarizes the etiopathogenesis of traumatic rhabdomyolysis and crush syndrome based acute kidney injury. The clinical and laboratory features, prophylaxis, and treatment of crush cases are described as well. The importance of early and dynamic fluid resuscitation is indicated for the prophylaxis of acute kidney injury. Treatment of both acute and chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) is especially problematic after disasters because they almost always require complex technology and equipment, whereas specific drugs may be difficult to obtain to treat chronic kidney patients. Although crush syndrome is a major cause of mortality in the rescued victims of massive earthquakes, the number of deaths due to crush syndrome (or fatalities of renal disaster) can be decreased by appropriate management. plaints.

O PAPEL DO ODONTOLEGISTA ACERCA DA IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE VÍTIMAS NOS DESASTRES EM MASSA/ The role of the dentist regarding the identification of victims in mass disasters

Nos casos de Identificação de Vítimas por Desastres (IVD), o odontolegista possui fundamental importância na resolução de casos complexos. Existem metodologias que podem ser aplicadas nos casos de IVD, porém, em algumas situações, pode haver limitações como carbonização dos corpos ou a falta de familiares para a análise comparativa do DNA. Assim, a utilização de metodologias odontológicas como comparações de exames de imagem e arcada dentárias, papiloscopias, etc., é importante ferramenta para a correta identificação, fornecendo assim as informações necessárias para os casos judiciais e para a posterior devolução para os familiares. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo ressaltar a importância do Odontolegista na equipe de Perícia Forense. Para tanto, foi realizado uma revisão bibliográfica não sistemática, utilizando como base de dados as plataformas PubMed, Scielo e ScienceDirect, sendo um total de 20 artigos. Através desta revisão, foi constatado que o odontolegista desempenha um papel fundamental na equipe da perícia forense, pois o mesmo realiza comparações Ante-mortem (AM) e Post-mortem (PM), através das radiografias, e pode fornecer uma reserva de DNA encontrada nos elementos dentários, não sendo restrito somente a comparação das arcadas dentárias. Foi constatado também que a perícia odontológica possui eficácia nos casos de IVD, principalmente quando associada a outros métodos como a análise de DNA.

Mass Disasters and Burnout in Nephrology Personnel

Mass disasters result in extensive health problems and make health care delivery problematic, as has been the case during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although COVID-19 was initially considered a pulmonary problem, it soon became clear that various other organs were involved. Thus, many care providers, including kidney health personnel, were overwhelmed or developed burnout. This review aims to describe the spectrum of burnout in mass disasters and suggests solutions specifically for nephrology personnel by extending previous experience to the COVID-19 pandemic. Burnout (a psychologic response to work-related stress) is already a frequent part of routine nephrology practice and, not surprisingly, is even more common during mass disasters due to increased workload and specific conditions, in addition to individual factors. Avoiding burnout is essential to prevent psychologic and somatic health problems in personnel as well as malpractice, understaffing, and inadequate health care delivery, all of which increase the health care burden of disasters. Burnout may be prevented by predisaster organizational measures, which include developing an overarching plan and optimizing health care infrastructure, and ad hoc disaster-specific measures that encompass both organizational and individual measures. Organizational measures include increasing safety, decreasing workload and fear of malpractice, optimizing medical staffing and material supplies, motivating personnel, providing mental health support, and enabling flexibility in working circumstances. Individual measures include training on coping with stress and problematic conditions, minimizing the stigma of emotional distress, and maintaining physical health. If these measures fall short, asking for external help is mandatory to avoid an inefficient disaster health care response. Minimizing burnout by applying these measures will improve health care provision, thus saving as many lives as possible.