Homeostatic regulation of flavonoid and lignin biosynthesis in phenylpropanoid pathway of transgenic tobacco

A disorder in pears that is known as ‘hard-end’ fruit affects the appearance, edible quality, and market value of pear fruit. RNA-Seq was carried out on the calyx end of ‘Whangkeumbae’ pear fruit with and without the hard-end symptom to explore the mechanism underlying the formation of hard-end. The results indicated that the genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway affecting lignification were up-regulated in hard-end fruit. An analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified three NAC transcription factors, and RT-qPCR analysis of PpNAC138, PpNAC186, and PpNAC187 confirmed that PpNAC187 gene expression was correlated with the hard-end disorder in pear fruit. A transient increase in PpNAC187 was observed in the calyx end of ‘Whangkeumbae’ fruit when they began to exhibit hard-end symptom. Concomitantly, the higher level of PpCCR and PpCOMT transcripts was observed, which are the key genes in lignin biosynthesis. Notably, lignin content in the stem and leaf tissues of transgenic tobacco overexpressing PpNAC187 was significantly higher than in the control plants that were transformed with an empty vector. Furthermore, transgenic tobacco overexpressing PpNAC187 had a larger number of xylem vessel elements. The results of this study confirmed that PpNAC187 functions in inducing lignification in pear fruit during the development of the hard-end disorder.

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PpNAC187 enhances lignin synthesis in ‘Whangkeumbae’ pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) ‘hard-end’ fruit

10.21203/rs.2.11046/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Mingtong Li ◽

Chenxia Cheng ◽

Xinfu Zhang ◽

Suping Zhou ◽

Caihong Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transgenic Tobacco ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Lignin Biosynthesis ◽

Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽

Pyrus Pyrifolia ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Pear Fruit ◽

Nac Transcription Factors ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Leaf Tissues

Abstract Background: A disorder in pears known as ‘hard-end’ fruit affects the appearance, edible quality, and market value of pear fruit. To explore the mechanism underlying the formation of hard-end, RNA-Seq was carried out on the calyx end of ‘Whangkeumbae’ pear fruit with and without the hard-end symptom. Result: Results indicated that genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway affecting lignification were up-regulated in hard-end fruit. An analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified three NAC transcription factors, and RT-qPCR analysis of PpNAC138, PpNAC186 and PpNAC187 confirmed that PpNAC187 gene expression was correlated with the hard-end disorder in pear fruit. A transient increase in PpNAC187 was observed in the calyx end of ‘Whangkeumbae’ fruit when they began to exhibit hard-end symptom. Concomitantly, the higher level of PpCCR, Pp4CL and PpCOMT transcripts was observed; which are the key genes in lignin biosynthesis. Notably, lignin content in the stem and leaf tissues of transgenic tobacco overexpressing PpNAC187 was significantly higher than in control plants transformed with an empty vector. Furthermore, transgenic tobacco overexpressing PpNAC187 had a larger number of xylem vessel elements. Conclusion: The results of this study confirmed that PpNAC187 functions in inducing lignification in pear fruit during the development of the hard-end disorder.

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Systematic Analysis and Biochemical Characterization of the Caffeoyl Shikimate Esterase Gene Family in Poplar

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms222413366 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (24) ◽

pp. 13366

Author(s):

Xuechun Wang ◽

Nan Chao ◽

Aijing Zhang ◽

Jiaqi Kang ◽

Xiangning Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Family ◽

Biochemical Characterization ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Lignin Biosynthesis ◽

Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Phylogenetic Groups ◽

Systematic Analysis ◽

A Genome

Caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) hydrolyzes caffeoyl shikimate into caffeate and shikimate in the phenylpropanoid pathway. In this study, we performed a systematic analysis of the CSE gene family and investigated the possible roles of CSE and CSE-like genes in Populus. We conducted a genome-wide analysis of the CSE gene family, including functional and phylogenetic analyses of CSE and CSE-like genes, using the poplar (Populus trichocarpa) genome. Eighteen CSE and CSE-like genes were identified in the Populus genome, and five phylogenetic groups were identified from phylogenetic analysis. CSEs in Group Ia, which were proposed as bona fide CSEs, have probably been lost in most monocots except Oryza sativa. Primary functional classification showed that PoptrCSE1 and PoptrCSE2 had putative function in lignin biosynthesis. In addition, PoptrCSE2, along with PoptrCSE12, might also respond to stress with a function in cell wall biosynthesis. Enzymatic assay of PoptoCSE1 (Populus tomentosa), -2 and -12 showed that PoptoCSE1 and -2 maintained CSE activity. PoptoCSE1 and 2 had similar biochemical properties, tissue expression patterns and subcellular localization. Most of the PoptrCSE-like genes are homologs of AtMAGL (monoacylglycerol lipase) genes in Arabidopsis and may function as MAG lipase in poplar. Our study provides a systematic understanding of this novel gene family and suggests the function of CSE in monolignol biosynthesis in Populus.

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The AmMYB308 and AmMYB330 Transcription Factors from Antirrhinum Regulate Phenylpropanoid and Lignin Biosynthesis in Transgenic Tobacco

The Plant Cell ◽

10.2307/3870694 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 135 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lodovico Tamagnone ◽

Angel Merida ◽

Adrian Parr ◽

Steve Mackay ◽

Francisco A. Culianez-Macia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factors ◽

Transgenic Tobacco ◽

Lignin Biosynthesis

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Expression of three phenylpropanoid pathway genes in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in open-pollinated families with differing relative wood densities during early and late wood formation

Silvae Genetica ◽

10.1515/sg-2015-0014 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 64 (1-6) ◽

pp. 148-159 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. Kanberga-Silina ◽

A. Jansons ◽

Dainis Rungis

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Wood Density ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Lignin Biosynthesis ◽

Wood Formation ◽

Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽

Structural Development ◽

Late Wood ◽

Forestry Production

Abstract Wood volume and quality are the most important aspects of commercial forestry production, and studies of wood formation are important in order to increase the value and efficiency of forestry production. The phenylpropanoid pathway produces various compounds with diverse functions both for plant defence against biotic and abiotic stress as well as structural development. One of the main roles is monolignol production for lignin biosynthesis, which is a crucial aspect of wood formation. For this study three candidate genes involved in lignin biosynthesis were selected: phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL1), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR). Candidate gene expression was analysed in selected individuals with high and low wood density from open-pollinated Scots pine families during early wood (EW) and late wood (LW) formation and correlation between expression of these genes, total lignin content, and wood density was determined. Wood density values for analysed trees were similar within tree families but differed significantly between families with high and low wood density (p=1,06E-20). Wood density was slightly negatively correlated with lignin content (r=-0.36, p=0.038), but only in individuals in the high density wood group. In trees with low wood density, expression of the CAD gene was significantly lower in late wood formation compared to early wood (p=0.00179). In trees with high wood density, expression of the PAL1 gene was five times higher during early wood formation compared to late wood formation. A positive correlation was detected between PAL1 and CCR gene expression during early wood formation (r=0.804) and late wood formation (r=0.466).

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The nuclear effector ArPEC25 from the necrotrophic fungus Ascochyta rabiei targets the chickpea transcription factor CaβLIM1a and negatively modulates lignin biosynthesis for host susceptibility

10.1101/2021.09.02.458738 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shreenivas Kumar Singh ◽

Sandhya Verma ◽

Kunal Singh ◽

Ankita Shree ◽

Ritu Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factor ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Ascochyta Blight ◽

Lignin Biosynthesis ◽

Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽

Host Cells ◽

Host Susceptibility ◽

Ascochyta Rabiei ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Blight Disease

Fungal pathogens deploy a barrage of secreted effectors to subvert host immunity, often by evading, disrupting, or altering key components of transcription, defense signaling, and metabolic pathways. However, the underlying mechanisms of effectors and their host targets are largely unexplored in necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Here, we describe the effector protein ArPEC25, which is secreted by the necrotroph Ascochyta rabiei, the causal agent of Ascochyta blight disease in chickpea (Cicer arietinum), and is indispensable for virulence. After entering host cells, ArPEC25 localizes to the nucleus and targets the host LIM transcription factor CaβLIM1a. CaβLIM1a is a transcriptional regulator of CaPAL1, which encodes phenylalanine ammonia lyase, the regulatory, gatekeeping enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway. ArPEC25 inhibits the transactivation of Ca?LIM1a by interfering with its DNA binding ability. This results in negative regulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway and decreased levels of intermediates of lignin biosynthesis, thereby suppressing lignin production. Our findings illustrate the role of fungal effectors in enhancing virulence by targeting a key defense pathway that leads to the biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites and antifungal compounds. This study provides a template for the study of less explored necrotrophic effectors and their host target functions.

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Perturbing Lignin Biosynthesis: Metabolic Changes in Response to Manipulation of the Phenylpropanoid Pathway

Recent Advances in Polyphenol Research ◽

10.1002/9781118329634.ch2 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 39-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nickolas A. Anderson ◽

Clint Chapple

Keyword(s):

Lignin Biosynthesis ◽

Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽

Metabolic Changes

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The AmMYB308 and AmMYB330 Transcription Factors from Antirrhinum Regulate Phenylpropanoid and Lignin Biosynthesis in Transgenic Tobacco

The Plant Cell ◽

10.1105/tpc.10.2.135 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 135-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 290

Author(s):

Lodovico Tamagnone ◽

Angel Merida ◽

Adrian Parr ◽

Steve Mackay ◽

Francisco A. Culianez-Macia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factors ◽

Transgenic Tobacco ◽

Lignin Biosynthesis

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Phylogenetic Occurrence of the Phenylpropanoid Pathway and Lignin Biosynthesis in Plants

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.704697 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Tao Yao ◽

Kai Feng ◽

Meng Xie ◽

Jaime Barros ◽

Timothy J. Tschaplinski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biosynthetic Pathway ◽

Shikimate Pathway ◽

Lignin Biosynthesis ◽

Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽

Land Plant ◽

Bioenergy Crops ◽

Plant Colonization ◽

Epsp Synthase ◽

Syringyl Lignin ◽

Lignin Biosynthetic Pathway

The phenylpropanoid pathway serves as a rich source of metabolites in plants and provides precursors for lignin biosynthesis. Lignin first appeared in tracheophytes and has been hypothesized to have played pivotal roles in land plant colonization. In this review, we summarize recent progress in defining the lignin biosynthetic pathway in lycophytes, monilophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. In particular, we review the key structural genes involved in p-hydroxyphenyl-, guaiacyl-, and syringyl-lignin biosynthesis across plant taxa and consider and integrate new insights on major transcription factors, such as NACs and MYBs. We also review insight regarding a new transcriptional regulator, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase, canonically identified as a key enzyme in the shikimate pathway. We use several case studies, including EPSP synthase, to illustrate the evolution processes of gene duplication and neo-functionalization in lignin biosynthesis. This review provides new insights into the genetic engineering of the lignin biosynthetic pathway to overcome biomass recalcitrance in bioenergy crops.

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Systematic Analysis and Biochemical Characterization of the Caffeoyl Shikimate Esterase Gene Family in Poplar

10.21203/rs.3.rs-408828/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nan Chao ◽

Qi Qi ◽

Xue-Chun Wang ◽

Shuang Li ◽

Xiang-Ning Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Family ◽

Biochemical Characterization ◽

Populus Trichocarpa ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Lignin Biosynthesis ◽

Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Phylogenetic Groups ◽

Systematic Analysis ◽

A Genome

Abstract Caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) hydrolyzes caffeoyl shikimate into caffeate and shikimate in the phenylpropanoid pathway. In this study, we performed systematic analysis of CSE gene family in poplar and investigated the possible roles of CSEs and CSE-like genes in Populus. We performed a genome-wide analysis of the CSE family, including functional and phylogenetic analyses of CSE and CSE-like genes using the poplar (Populus trichocarpa) genome. Eighteen CSE and CSE-like genes were identified in the Populus genome and five phylogenetic groups were identified from phylogenetic analysis. CSEs in Group Ia, which were proposed as bona fide CSEs, have probably been lost in most monocots except Oryza sativa. Primary functional classification showed that PoptrCSE1 and PoptrCSE2 had putative function in lignin biosynthesis. In addition, PoptrCSE2, along with PoptrCSE12 might also respond to stress with a function in cell wall biosynthesis. Enzymatic assay of Populus tomentosa (Popto) CSE1, -2 and -12 showed that PoptoCSE1 and -2 kept CSE activity. PoptoCSE1 and 2 had similar biochemical properties, tissue expression pattern and subcellular localization. Most of the PoptrCSE-like genes are homologs of AtMAGL (monoacylglycerol lipase) genes in Arabidopsis and may function as MAG lipase in poplar. Our study provides systematic understanding of this novel gene family and suggests the CSE function in monolignol biosynthesis in Populus.

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