Precompression stress in response to water content and bulk density under no-till Oxisols in southern Brazil

The effects of tillage and crop rotation on the soil carbon, the soil bulk density, the porosity and the soil water content were evaluated during the 6<sup>th</sup> season of an on-going field trial at the University of Fort Hare Farm (UFH), South Africa. Two tillage systems; conventional tillage (CT) and no-till and crop rotations; maize (Zea mays L.)-fallow-maize (MFM), maize-fallow-soybean (Glycine max L.) (MFS); maize-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-maize (MWM) and maize-wheat-soybean (MWS) were evaluated. The field experiment was a 2 × 4 factorial, laid out in a randomised complete design. The crop residues were retained for the no-till plots and incorporated for the CT plots, after each cropping season. No significant effects (P > 0.05) of the tillage and crop rotation on the bulk density were observed. However, the values ranged from 1.32 to1.37 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. Significant interaction effects of the tillage and crop rotation were observed on the soil porosity (P < 0.01) and the soil water content (P < 0.05). The porosity for the MFM and the MWS, was higher under the CT whereas for the MWM and the MWS, it was higher under the no-till. However, the greatest porosity was under the MWS. Whilst the no-till significantly increased (P < 0.05) the soil water content compared to the CT; the greatest soil water content was observed when the no-till was combined with the MWM rotations. The soil organic carbon (SOC) was increased more (P < 0.05) by the no-till than the CT, and the MFM consistently had the least SOC compared with the rest of the crop rotations, at all the sampling depths (0–5, 5–10 and 10–20 cm). The soil bulk density negatively correlated with the soil porosity and the soil water content, whereas the porosity positively correlated with the soil water content. The study concluded that the crop rotations, the MWM and the MWS under the no-till coupled with the residue retention improved the soil porosity and the soil water content levels the most.

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Errors in Soil Bulk Density and Water Content Measurements With Gamma Ray Attenuation

Soil Science Society of America Journal ◽

10.2136/sssaj1973.03615995003700030048x ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 485-486 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

L. Stroosnijder ◽

J. G. de Swart

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Gamma Ray ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Gamma Ray Attenuation

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Measurement of Soil Bulk Density and Water Content with Time Domain Reflectometry: Algorithm Implementation and Method Analysis

Journal of Hydrology ◽

10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126389 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 126389

Author(s):

Marco Bittelli ◽

Fausto Tomei ◽

Anbazhagan P. ◽

Raghuveer Rao Pallapati ◽

Puskar Mahajan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Time Domain ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Time Domain Reflectometry ◽

Algorithm Implementation ◽

Method Analysis

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Water content, organic carbon and dry bulk density in flooded sediments

Aquacultural Engineering ◽

10.1016/s0144-8609(01)00068-1 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 25-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 145

Author(s):

Yoram Avnimelech ◽

Gad Ritvo ◽

Leon E. Meijer ◽

Malka Kochba

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Water Content ◽

Bulk Density

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Characterizing Soil Physical Properties for Soil Moisture Monitoring with the North Carolina Environment and Climate Observing Network

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology ◽

10.1175/jtech-d-11-00104.1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 29 (7) ◽

pp. 933-943 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Weinan Pan ◽

R. P. Boyles ◽

J. G. White ◽

J. L. Heitman

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Soil Moisture ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Water Content ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Physical Properties ◽

The North ◽

Wide Range ◽

Soil Moisture Monitoring

Abstract Soil moisture has important implications for meteorology, climatology, hydrology, and agriculture. This has led to growing interest in development of in situ soil moisture monitoring networks. Measurement interpretation is severely limited without soil property data. In North Carolina, soil moisture has been monitored since 1999 as a routine parameter in the statewide Environment and Climate Observing Network (ECONet), but with little soils information available for ECONet sites. The objective of this paper is to provide soils data for ECONet development. The authors studied soil physical properties at 27 ECONet sites and generated a database with 13 soil physical parameters, including sand, silt, and clay contents; bulk density; total porosity; saturated hydraulic conductivity; air-dried water content; and water retention at six pressures. Soil properties were highly variable among individual ECONet sites [coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 12% to 80%]. This wide range of properties suggests very different behavior among sites with respect to soil moisture. A principal component analysis indicated parameter groupings associated primarily with soil texture, bulk density, and air-dried water content accounted for 80% of the total variance in the dataset. These results suggested that a few specific soil properties could be measured to provide an understanding of differences in sites with respect to major soil properties. The authors also illustrate how the measured soil properties have been used to develop new soil moisture products and data screening for the North Carolina ECONet. The methods, analysis, and results presented here have applications to North Carolina and for other regions with heterogeneous soils where soil moisture monitoring is valuable.

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Long Term Effects of Ploughing and Conservation Tillage Methods on Earthworm Abundance and Crumb Ratio

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10101552 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1552 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Igor Dekemati ◽

Barbara Simon ◽

Igor Bogunovic ◽

Ivica Kisic ◽

Katalin Kassai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Water Conservation ◽

Conservation Tillage ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

No Till ◽

Cover Ratio ◽

One Year ◽

Tillage Methods

In addition to the dry (D) and rainy (R) seasons, a combination of the two i.e., rainy-dry (RD) and dry-rainy (DR), can also be observed in one year. The effects of the dry (D) and rainy (R) on soil are known, hence we hypothesized that the effects of the rainy-dry (RD) and dry-rainy (DR) periods on soil may differ from the former assessments. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of six tillage treatments (ploughing—P, disk tillage—DT, loosening—L, tine tillage (a deeper—T and a shallower—ST) and no-till—NT) on earthworm abundance and crumb ratio during a long-term research (16 years) on Chernozems. The results related to the four year-groups (D, R, RD, and DR) with different residue cover. Seven degrees of cover ratio (between 12.5% and 62.5%) were selected on stubbles. Higher cover ratio (≥52.5%) improved water conservation, increased earthworm abundance (31 and 41 ind m–2) and crumb (78 and 82%) ratio (p < 0.01). R year came first in the rank of water content and earthworm abundance and DR proved to be more favorable for crumb formation. Considering the rank of soil tillage treatments, ST takes first place in evaluation of soil water content (SWC) and crumb ratio, and NT for earthworm abundance.

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Profile Soil Property Estimation Using a VIS-NIR-EC-Force Probe

Transactions of the ASABE ◽

10.13031/trans.12049 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 683-692 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Yongjin Cho ◽

Kenneth A. Sudduth ◽

Scott T. Drummond

Keyword(s):

Soil Properties ◽

Water Content ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Property ◽

Soil Strength ◽

Reflectance Spectra ◽

Land Resource ◽

Strength Data ◽

Soil Sensors ◽

Combining Data

Abstract. Combining data collected in-field from multiple soil sensors has the potential to improve the efficiency and accuracy of soil property estimates. Optical diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) has been used to estimate many important soil properties, such as soil carbon, water content, and texture. Other common soil sensors include penetrometers that measure soil strength and apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) sensors. Previous field research has related these sensor measurements to soil properties such as bulk density, water content, and texture. A commercial instrument that can simultaneously collect reflectance spectra, ECa, and soil strength data is now available. The objective of this research was to relate laboratory-measured soil properties, including bulk density (BD), total organic carbon (TOC), water content (WC), and texture fractions to sensor data from this instrument. At four field sites in mid-Missouri, profile sensor measurements were obtained to 0.9 m depth, followed by collection of soil cores at each site for laboratory measurements. Using only DRS data, BD, TOC, and WC were not well-estimated (R2 = 0.32, 0.67, and 0.40, respectively). Adding ECa and soil strength data provided only a slight improvement in WC estimation (R2 = 0.47) and little to no improvement in BD and TOC estimation. When data were analyzed separately by major land resource area (MLRA), fusion of data from all sensors improved soil texture fraction estimates. The largest improvement compared to reflectance alone was for MLRA 115B, where estimation errors for the various soil properties were reduced by approximately 14% to 26%. This study showed promise for in-field sensor measurement of some soil properties. Additional field data collection and model development are needed for those soil properties for which a combination of data from multiple sensors is required. Keywords: NIR spectroscopy, Precision agriculture, Reflectance spectra, Soil properties, Soil sensing.

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Tahanan Penetrasi Tanah Terhadap Penekanan Plat Dengan Sudut Penekanan dan Ukuran Plat yang Berbeda di Sawah

Talenta Conference Series Agricultural and Natural Resources (ANR) ◽

10.32734/anr.v1i2.244 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 238-243

Author(s):

Taufik Rizaldi ◽

Sumono Sumono

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Rice Field ◽

Compressive Force ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Paddy Fields ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance ◽

Plate Size ◽

Measuring Plate

Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Lubuk Bayas Kecapamatan Perbaungan Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai pada lahan sawah bertekstur lempung berpasir dengan kadar air 49.17% dan dry bulk density 1.26 g/cm3. Tahanan penetrasi tanah ditentukan melalui pengukuran tahanan penetrasi plat dengan menggunakan penetrometer secara langsung di sawah. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan ukuran plat 5x5 cm2, 5x10 cm2, 5x15 cm2 dan 5x20 cm2. Sudut penekanan 90o, 75o, 60o, 45o, 30o dan kedalaman penekanan 4 cm, 8 cm, 12 cm, 16 cm dan 20 cm. Dari hasil pengukuran diperoleh bahwa semakin besar ukuran plat maka gaya penekanan semakin besar namun tahanan penetrasi tanah semakin kecil. Sedangkan semakin dalam plat masuk ke tanah maka tahanan penetrasi tanah semakin besar. Semakin besar sudut penekanan tahanan penetrasi tanah semakin besar. Untuk ukuran plat, sudut tekan dan kedalaman penekanan plat yang sama pada kedalaman lumpur yang berbeda akan menghasilkan gaya penekanan dan tahanan penetrasi tanah yang berbeda. The study was conducted in Lubuk Bayas Village, Perbaungan Subdistrict, Serdang Bedagai District, in paddy fields with sandy clay texture with a water content of 49.17% and dry bulk density of 1.26 g / cm3. Soil penetration resistance iwas determined by measuring plate penetration resistance using a penetrometer directly in the rice field. Measurements were made with a plate size of 5x5 cm2, 5x10 cm2, 5x15 cm2 and 5x20 cm2. The angle of emphasis was 90o, 75o, 60o, 45o, 30o and the depth of emphasis was 4 cm, 8 cm, 12 cm, 16 cm and 20 cm. Results showed that the larger the plate size found, the greater the compressive force, but the penetration resistance of the soil got smaller. Whereas the deeper the plate entered the ground, the greater the penetration resistance of the soil occurred. The greater the angle of suppression the greater the penetration penetration of the soil. For the plate size, the pressure angle and depth of the same plate compression at different mud depths will result in a different force of suppression and soil penetration resistance.

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Root effects on soil water and hydraulic properties

Biologia ◽

10.2478/s11756-007-0110-8 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 62 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Horst Gerke ◽

Rolf Kuchenbuch

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Water Content ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Hydraulic Properties ◽

Soil Hydraulic Properties ◽

Soil Hydraulic ◽

Root Effects

AbstractPlants can affect soil moisture and the soil hydraulic properties both directly by root water uptake and indirectly by modifying the soil structure. Furthermore, water in plant roots is mostly neglected when studying soil hydraulic properties. In this contribution, we analyze effects of the moisture content inside roots as compared to bulk soil moisture contents and speculate on implications of non-capillary-bound root water for determination of soil moisture and calibration of soil hydraulic properties.In a field crop of maize (Zea mays) of 75 cm row spacing, we sampled the total soil volumes of 0.7 m × 0.4 m and 0.3 m deep plots at the time of tasseling. For each of the 84 soil cubes of 10 cm edge length, root mass and length as well as moisture content and soil bulk density were determined. Roots were separated in 3 size classes for which a mean root porosity of 0.82 was obtained from the relation between root dry mass density and root bulk density using pycnometers. The spatially distributed fractions of root water contents were compared with those of the water in capillary pores of the soil matrix.Water inside roots was mostly below 2–5% of total soil water content; however, locally near the plant rows it was up to 20%. The results suggest that soil moisture in roots should be separately considered. Upon drying, the relation between the soil and root water may change towards water remaining in roots. Relations depend especially on soil water retention properties, growth stages, and root distributions. Gravimetric soil water content measurement could be misleading and TDR probes providing an integrated signal are difficult to interpret. Root effects should be more intensively studied for improved field soil water balance calculations.

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