Abstract
Background
Prenatal inorganic arsenic (iAs) exposure is associated with pregnancy outcomes. Maternal capabilities of arsenic biotransformation and elimination may influence the susceptibility of arsenic toxicity. Therefore, we examined the determinants of arsenic metabolism of pregnant women in Bangladesh who are exposed to high levels of arsenic.
Methods
In a prospective birth cohort, we followed 1613 pregnant women in Bangladesh and collected urine samples at two prenatal visits: one at 4–16 weeks, and the second at 21–37 weeks of pregnancy. We measured major arsenic species in urine, including iAs (iAs%) and methylated forms. The proportions of each species over the sum of all arsenic species were used as biomarkers of arsenic methylation efficiency. We examined the difference in arsenic methylation using a paired t-test between first and second visits. Using linear regression, we examined determinants of arsenic metabolism, including age, BMI at enrollment, education, financial provider income, arsenic exposure level, and dietary folate and protein intake, adjusted for daily energy intake.
Results
Comparing visit 2 to visit 1, iAs% decreased 1.1% (p < 0.01), and creatinine-adjusted urinary arsenic level (U-As) increased 21% (95% CI: 15, 26%; p < 0.01). Drinking water arsenic concentration was positively associated with iAs% at both visits. When restricted to participants with higher adjusted urinary arsenic levels (adjusted U-As > 50 μg/g-creatinine) gestational age at measurement was strongly associated with DMA% (β = 0.38, p < 0.01) only at visit 1. Additionally, DMA% was negatively associated with daily protein intake (β = − 0.02, p < 0.01) at visit 1, adjusting for total energy intake and other covariates.
Conclusions
Our findings indicate that arsenic metabolism and adjusted U-As level increase during pregnancy. We have identified determinants of arsenic methylation efficiency at visit 1.
Elevated Urinary Arsenic Level among Residents of an Arsenic-Endemic Area of Southern Thailand and its Related Factors: Three Decades after Mitigation Attempts
