Statin therapy upregulated arachidonic acid status via enhanced endogenous synthesis in patients with plaque psoriasis

AbstractWe conducted a systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCT) of increased intake of arachidonic acid (ARA) on fatty acid status and health outcomes in humans. We identified twenty-two articles from fourteen RCT. Most studies were conducted in adults. These used between 80 and 2000 mg ARA per d and were of 1–12 weeks duration. Supplementation with ARA doses as low as 80 mg/d increased the content of ARA in different blood fractions. Overall there seem to be few marked benefits for adults of increasing ARA intake from the typical usual intake of 100–200 mg/d to as much as 1000 mg/d; the few studies using higher doses (1500 or 2000 mg/d) also report little benefit. However, there may be an impact of ARA on cognitive and muscle function which could be particularly relevant in the ageing population. The studies reviewed here suggest no adverse effects in adults of increased ARA intake up to at least 1000–1500 mg/d on blood lipids, platelet aggregation and blood clotting, immune function, inflammation or urinary excretion of ARA metabolites. However, in many areas there are insufficient studies to make firm conclusions, and higher intakes of ARA are deserving of further study. Based on the RCT reviewed, there are not enough data to make any recommendations for specific health effects of ARA intake.

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Arachidonic Acid Status in Peripheral Blood in Sarcoidosis

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs071065pb ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 71 (s15) ◽

pp. 65P-66P

Author(s):

J.T. Power ◽

F. Hogan ◽

W. Maxwell ◽

J. Walsh ◽

L. Clancy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arachidonic Acid ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Acid Status

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Telomere Length in Healthy Adults Is Positively Associated With Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Including Arachidonic Acid, and Negatively With Saturated Fatty Acids

The Journals of Gerontology Series A ◽

10.1093/gerona/glaa213 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 76 (1) ◽

pp. 3-6

Author(s):

Varinderpal S Dhillon ◽

Permal Deo ◽

Ann Chua ◽

Phil Thomas ◽

Michael Fenech

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Arachidonic Acid ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Blood Cell ◽

Telomere Length ◽

Red Blood Cell ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Status ◽

Acid Status

Abstract Lymphocyte telomere length (LTL) is a biomarker of aging that may be modified by dietary factors including fat. Red blood cell fatty acid status is a well-validated indicator of long-term dietary intake of fat from various sources. Recent findings from epidemiological studies of LTL in relation to fatty acids in red blood cells are not conclusive. The present study was carried out to investigate if red blood cell fatty acid status in 174 healthy older South Australians is associated with LTL. Lymphocyte telomere length was measured by real-time qPCR and fatty acid content in red blood cells was measured by gas chromatography. Our results indicate that the majority of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids are negatively associated with LTL, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids are positively associated with LTL. Multiple regression analysis revealed that arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) is significantly, independently, positively correlated with LTL (β = 0.262; p = .000). The significant association of fatty acids, particularly C20:4n-6, with telomere length warrants further research.

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Essential Fatty Acids in the Fetal and Newborn Lamb

Australian Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.1071/bi9850033 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 33 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

MA Rajion ◽

JG McLean ◽

R NP Cahill

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Arachidonic Acid ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Status ◽

Newborn Lamb ◽

Acid Ratio ◽

Fetal Lamb ◽

Acid Status ◽

Low Levels ◽

Long Chain

The concentrations of linoleic and linolenic acids and their metabolites in the liver, kidney, brain, erythrocytes and plasma of fetal lambs at various stages of gestation, and of newborn and 2-week-01d suckled lambs was determined. Throughout gestation the fetal tissues, erythrocytes and plasma all contained low levels of linoleic and linolenic acids together with consistently high levels of their long-chain polyunsaturated metabolites. The triene : tetraene (eicosa-5,8, 11-trienoic acid/arachidonic acid) ratio was always 0 . 4 or less except at birth when it reached 0 . 6 in liver and 0 . 9 in plasma. Milk intake significantly increased the linoleic and linolenic acid levels in the lamb by 2 weeks after birth. These results show that the developing fetal lamb should not be regarded as being deficient in essential fatty acids, as suggested by previous investigators. It is proposed that the total metabolites of linoleic and linolenic acids are the most appropriate measure of the essential fatty acid status of the fetal lamb.

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Prenatal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status: the importance of a balanced intake of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid

Journal of Perinatal Medicine ◽

10.1515/jpm.2008.029 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Mijna Hadders-Algra

Keyword(s):

Arachidonic Acid ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Status ◽

Acid Status ◽

Long Chain

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Influence of formulas with borage oil or borage oil plus fish oil on the arachidonic acid status in premature infants

Lipids ◽

10.1007/s11745-001-0757-x ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 555-566 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Hans Demmelmair ◽

Franziska Feldl ◽

Imre Horváth ◽

Tamás Niederland ◽

Viktória Ruszinkó ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arachidonic Acid ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Premature Infants ◽

Borage Oil ◽

Acid Status

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Differential metabolism of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid by cyclo-oxygenase-1 and cyclo-oxygenase-2: implications for cellular synthesis of prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin E2

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj20011798 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 365 (2) ◽

pp. 489-496 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Galit LEVIN ◽

Kevin L. DUFFIN ◽

Mark G. OBUKOWICZ ◽

Susan L. HUMMERT ◽

Hideji FUJIWARA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arachidonic Acid ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Vascular Reactivity ◽

Reaction Rates ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Cellular Lipids ◽

Cox 2 ◽

Cox 1 ◽

Endogenous Synthesis ◽

In Cells

Prostaglandin (PG) E1 has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties and to modulate vascular reactivity. These activities are sometimes distinct from those of PGE2, suggesting that endogenously produced PGE1 may have some beneficial therapeutic effects compared with PGE2. Increasing the endogenous formation of PGE1 requires optimization of two separate processes, namely, enrichment of cellular lipids with dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3 n—6; DGLA) and effective cyclo-oxygenase-dependent oxygenation of substrate DGLA relative to arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4 n—6). DGLA and AA had similar affinities (Km values) and maximal reaction rates (Vmax) for cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), whereas AA was metabolized preferentially by cyclo-oxygenase-1 (COX-1). To overcome the kinetic preference of COX-1 for AA, CP-24879, a mixed Δ5/Δ6 desaturase inhibitor, was used to enhance preferential accumulation of DGLA over AA in cells cultured in the presence of precursor γ-linolenic acid (18:3 n—6). This protocol was tested in two cell lines and both yielded a DGLA/AA ratio of approx. 2.8 in the total cellular lipids. From the enzyme kinetic data, it was calculated that this ratio should offset the preference of COX-1 for AA over DGLA. PGE1 synthesis in the DGLA-enriched cells was increased concurrent with a decline in PGE2 formation. Nevertheless, PGE1 synthesis was still substantially lower than that of PGE2. It appears that employing a dietary or a combined dietary/pharmacological paradigm to augment the cellular ratio of DGLA/AA is not an effective route to enhance endogenous synthesis of PGE1 over PGE2, at least in cells/tissues where COX-1 predominates over COX-2.

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