Small non-coding RNAs as important players, biomarkers and therapeutic targets in multiple sclerosis: A comprehensive overview

High-grade osteosarcoma (HGOS), the most common primary malignant tumor of bone, is a highly aggressive neoplasm with a cure rate of approximately 40–50% in unselected patient populations. The major clinical problems opposing the cure of HGOS are the presence of inherent or acquired drug resistance and the development of metastasis. Since the drugs used in first-line chemotherapy protocols for HGOS and clinical outcome have not significantly evolved in the past three decades, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic biomarkers and targeted treatment strategies, which may increase the currently available spectrum of cure modalities. Unresponsive or chemoresistant (refractory) HGOS patients usually encounter a dismal prognosis, mostly because therapeutic options and drugs effective for rescue treatments are scarce. Tailored treatments for different subgroups of HGOS patients stratified according to drug resistance-related biomarkers thus appear as an option that may improve this situation. This review explores drug resistance-related biomarkers, therapeutic targets and new candidate treatment strategies, which have emerged in HGOS. In addition to consolidated biomarkers, specific attention has been paid to the role of non-coding RNAs, tumor-derived extracellular vesicles, and cancer stem cells as contributors to drug resistance in HGOS, in order to highlight new candidate markers and therapeutic targets. The possible use of new non-conventional drugs to overcome the main mechanisms of drug resistance in HGOS are finally discussed.

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Long non-coding RNAs in brain tumors

NAR Cancer ◽

10.1093/narcan/zcaa041 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Keisuke Katsushima ◽

George Jallo ◽

Charles G Eberhart ◽

Ranjan J Perera

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Brain Tumors ◽

Brain Cancer ◽

Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽

Therapeutic Targets ◽

Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽

Cancer Pathogenesis ◽

Current State ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Post Transcriptional Regulation

Abstract Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to be central players in the epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. There is an accumulation of evidence on newly discovered lncRNAs, their molecular interactions and their roles in the development and progression of human brain tumors. LncRNAs can have either tumor suppressive or oncogenic functions in different brain cancers, making them attractive therapeutic targets and biomarkers for personalized therapy and precision diagnostics. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge of the lncRNAs that have been implicated in brain cancer pathogenesis, particularly in gliomas and medulloblastomas. We discuss their epigenetic regulation as well as the prospects of using lncRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in patients with brain tumors.

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Risks and risk management in modern multiple sclerosis immunotherapeutic treatment

Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders ◽

10.1177/1756286419836571 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 175628641983657 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Luisa Klotz ◽

Joachim Havla ◽

Nicholas Schwab ◽

Reinhard Hohlfeld ◽

Michael Barnett ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Side Effect ◽

Paradigm Shift ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Optimal Choice ◽

New Drugs ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Disease Modifying Drugs ◽

Practical Recommendations ◽

Target Effects

In recent years, there has been a paradigm shift in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) owing to the approval of a number of new drugs with very distinct mechanisms of action. All approved disease-modifying drugs primarily work directly on the immune system. However, the identification of an ‘optimal choice’ for individual patients with regard to treatment efficacy, treatment adherence and side-effect profile has become increasingly complex including conceptual as well as practical considerations. Similarly, there are peculiarities and specific requirements with regard to treatment monitoring, especially in relation to immunosuppression, the development of secondary immune-related complications, as well as the existence of drug-specific on- and off-target effects. Both classical immunosuppression and selective immune interventions generate a spectrum of potential therapy-related complications. This article provides a comprehensive overview of available immunotherapeutics for MS and their risks, detailing individual mechanisms of action and side-effect profiles. Furthermore, practical recommendations for patients treated with modern MS immunotherapeutics are provided.

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Long non-coding RNAs as possible therapeutic targets in protozoa, and in Schistosoma and other helminths

Parasitology Research ◽

10.1007/s00436-021-07384-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gilbert O. Silveira ◽

Helena S. Coelho ◽

Murilo S. Amaral ◽

Sergio Verjovski-Almeida

Keyword(s):

Therapeutic Targets ◽

Non Coding Rnas

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Non-Coding RNA in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets

Cell Transplantation ◽

10.1177/0963689718806818 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 27 (12) ◽

pp. 1763-1777 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Sheng-Wen Wang ◽

Zhong Liu ◽

Zhong-Song Shi

Keyword(s):

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Acute Ischemic Stroke ◽

Neural Development ◽

Therapeutic Targets ◽

Circular Rnas ◽

Non Coding Rna ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Cerebral Ischemic ◽

Functional Rnas ◽

The Brain

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of functional RNAs that regulate gene expression in a post-transcriptional manner. NcRNAs include microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs. They are highly expressed in the brain and are involved in the regulation of physiological and pathophysiological processes, including cerebral ischemic injury, neurodegeneration, neural development, and plasticity. Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and physical disability worldwide. Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) occurs when brain blood flow stops, and that stoppage results in reduced oxygen and glucose supply to cells in the brain. In this article, we review the latest progress on ncRNAs in relation to their implications in AIS, as well as their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. We also review ncRNAs acting as possible therapeutic targets in future precision medicine. Finally, we conclude with a brief discussion of current challenges and future directions for ncRNAs studies in AIS, which may facilitate the translation of ncRNAs research into clinical practice to improve clinical outcome of AIS.

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