Feasibility analysis of a small-scale rainwater harvesting system for drinking water production at Werrington, New South Wales, Australia

2020 ◽  
Vol 270 ◽  
pp. 122437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad A. Alim ◽  
Ataur Rahman ◽  
Zhong Tao ◽  
Bijan Samali ◽  
Muhammad M. Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Feasibility Analysis ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Water Production ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Drinking Water Production

Drinking water quality in regional Hunter New England, New South Wales, Australia, 2001-2015

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fidelis Godfrey Jaravani ◽  
Michelle Butler ◽  
Paul Byleveld ◽  
David N. Durrheim ◽  
Peter. D. Massey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
New England ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
South Wales

Small-scale patterns of distribution and size-structure of the intertidal littorinid Littorina unifasciata (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in New South Wales

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 635 ◽  
Author(s):  
MG Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Size Structure ◽  
New South ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rock Surface ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Patterns Of Distribution ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Potential Factors

Within-shore and among-shore patterns of distribution, abundance and size structure of Littorina unifasciata Gray were identified on a number of shores in New South Wales. There was significant patchiness in distribution, abundance and size of L. unifasciata among patches of shore only a few metres apart, at different heights on the shore and from shore to shore. On a particular shore, the sizes of snails were strongly correlated with densities. In contrast, differences in densities at different heights from one shore to another were not correlated with mean size of snails. Density and size were each strongly correlated with the height on the shore at which snails were found. At any one height, differences in densities and size were also correlated with the distribution of particular microhabitat variables, such as the slope of the rock surface, the presence of pits and shallow pools and the presence of barnacles. Densities were also negatively correlated with densities of the large microalgae-grazing limpet Cellana tramoserica but were independent of other littorinids. A number of alternative models have been proposed to account for these patterns of distribution, abundance and size. Although processes that might account for these patterns were not investigated here, quantification of such patterns at a number of spatial scales is necessary before potential factors that might affect small-scale spatial variation in densities and sizes of L. unifasciata can be identified and investigated.

Variation in algal assemblages on wave-exposed rocky shores in New South Wales

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Underwood ◽  
M. G. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Explanatory Models ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rocky Shores ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Algal Assemblages

Data were collected in New South Wales from replicate sites on five wave-exposed shores separated by hundreds of kilometres at three-monthly intervals for four years, to examine large and small spatial and temporal patterns in low-shore algal assemblages. These data were used to test hypotheses from the models that algal assemblages show large-scale, predictable changes in structure or, alternatively, that variation from time to time is small-scale and differs from shore to shore or site to site on a shore. There was considerable variation at all scales examined — among replicate quadrats within sites, between sites on a shore and among shores. Similarly, assemblages differed from one sampling period to the next and changes in the assemblages over time periods of three months were as great as from year to year. These changes were interactive, with no two sites or shores showing similar temporal patterns. Thus, understanding diversity along a coast-line requires detailed understanding of local processes. Without adequate spatial and temporal replication in sampling designs and without explanatory models, the large and complex variability in intertidal assemblages at different scales cannot be documented and understood.

Reproduction of the turban shell Turbo torquatus Gmelin 1791 (Mollusca : Gastropoda), in New South Wales, Australia

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Ward ◽  
A. R. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
New South ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Gonad Development ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
South Wales

The Sydney turban shell Turbo torquatus is the focus of a small-scale commercial fishery in New South Wales. Effective management requires knowledge of the reproductive biology, yet this is lacking for NSW waters. The reproductive cycle was investigated at three localities on the southern New South Wales coast. Samples of T. torquatus were collected monthly at Wollongong, Ulladulla and Eden from February 1996 until August or December 1997. The reproductive cycle was investigated by three methods: monthly determination of a gonadosomatic index, estimation of oocyte size-frequency distributions and classification of female gonads into developmental stages following histological sectioning. Males and females within a population underwent synchronous gonad development and spawning. Spawning events were often protracted over a period of several months with females in various stages of gonadal development. Two spawning events occurred each year, with a spawning event in autumn–winter and another in spring–summer. These events were asynchronous among the three localities, and partial spawning appeared to be a common occurrence. Owing to variation in the timing of spawning between populations separated by a distance as small as 15 km, seasonal closures to protect spawning stocks are unlikely to be effective.

scholarly journals Rainwater Harvesting for Drinking Water Production: A Sustainable and Cost-Effective Solution in The Netherlands?

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Hofman-Caris ◽  
Cheryl Bertelkamp ◽  
Luuk de Waal ◽  
Tessa van den Brand ◽  
Jan Hofman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Precipitation Frequency ◽  
City District ◽  
Drinking Water Production ◽  
The City

An increasing number of people want to reduce their environmental footprint by using harvested rainwater as a source for drinking water. Moreover, implementing rainwater harvesting (RWH) enables protection against damage caused by increasing precipitation frequency and intensity, which is predicted for Western Europe. In this study, literature data on rainwater quality were reviewed, and based on Dutch climatological data the usable quantity of rainwater in the Netherlands was calculated. For two specific cases, (1) a densely populated city district and (2) a single house in a rural area, the total costs of ownership (TCO) for decentralized drinking water supply from harvested rainwater was calculated, and a life cycle assessment (LCA) was made. For the single house it was found that costs were very high (€60–€110/m3), and the environmental impact would not decrease. For the city district, costs would be comparable to the present costs of centralized drinking water production and supply, but the environmental benefit is negligible (≤1‰). Furthermore, it was found that the amount of rainwater that can be harvested in the city district only covers about 50% of the demand. It was concluded that the application of rainwater harvesting for drinking water production in the Netherlands is not economically feasible.

Assessment of drinking water quality in regional New South Wales, Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 708-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. M. L. D. Senevirathna ◽  
Andrea M. Goncher ◽  
Aaron Hollier
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Public Places ◽  
South Wales

Abstract There is a substantial research gap relating to the quality of drinking water in regional Australia and identifying possible improvements. In particular, the quality of water available in public places (washing and drinking), such as water bubblers installed in regional parks, schools, rest areas and railway stations, is poorly investigated. This paper discusses the primary and secondary water quality of eight water distribution networks in New South Wales (NSW) regional towns. An analysis of a large number of drinking water samples (more than 11,000) identified that maintaining microbial water quality and the required free chlorine level (>0.2 mg/L) are challenging issues for regional water distribution networks. Sixty-three per cent of the samples collected from the water outlets available in public places of a regional town showed free chlorine levels of <0.2 mg/L, and 30% of samples showed positive results for total coliform. All heavy metal levels of the samples were within the safe level. Water temperature was identified as the most problematic secondary water quality parameter in public water bubblers. Stainless steel was the common material used in bubblers where surface temperatures exceeded 50 °C during summer. This study identifies possible design and operational modifications to improve regional drinking water quality and make public water bubblers more usable.

scholarly journals Supply system factors associated with microbiological drinking water safety in regional New South Wales, Australia, 2001–2007

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Cretikos ◽  
Paul Byleveld ◽  
David N. Durrheim ◽  
Philippe Porigneaux ◽  
Tony Merritt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Drinking Water Systems

Aim: To determine factors associated with microbiological safety of public drinking water systems in regional New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Method: We analysed 107,000 end-user drinking water samples for an association between detection of Escherichia coli and drinking water system features, sample year and season using NSW Health Drinking Water Monitoring Program data, 2001–2007. We used negative binomial generalized estimating equations with adjustment for autocorrelation and clustering. Results: We detected E. coli in over 2% of samples from 40% (129/323) of systems. E. coli detection was significantly more common in earlier years and during summer (p<0.001). On multivariate analysis E. coli detection was significantly associated with smaller systems; watercourse sources; no disinfection or disinfection with ultraviolet only; and higher post-treatment mean turbidity (all p≤0.01). Detection was most strongly associated with lack of disinfection (incidence rate ratio 12.6, p<0.001) and smaller supply systems (1% reduction in E. coli detection for each 1,000 person increase in supply population, p=0.004). Ultraviolet disinfection alone was the least effective disinfection method (p<0.001). Conclusion: Even in developed countries, drinking water systems without disinfection or serving small populations appear vulnerable to the effects of faecal contamination, which presents a risk of waterborne disease outbreaks.

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