Structural change is an important dimension of socio-economic development, closely connected with economic growth, as well as with innovation and technological change, international trade, political economy, employment dynamics and labour demand, inequality and poverty, and climate change, among many others. The current volume discusses the relationships between these and other factors and structural change, with this introductory chapter providing an analytic overview of the major themes discussed in the volume. The chapter seeks to discuss these issues in broad terms, highlighting the complex interactions between structural change and these different factors, thereby emphasizing the myriad ways through which structural change can impact upon—and be affected by—socio-economic outcomes.