Effect of preheating and calcium pre-treatment on pectin structure and thermal texture degradation: a case study on carrots

This chapter gives an overview about reverse osmosis membrane desalination technology and process. Desalination process can be considered as one of the crucial processes in obtaining fresh water to meet the increasing fresh water demand throughout the world. Desalination process begins with the intake of seawater or brackish water. The intake system usually comprises a pump and piping system. Then, the seawater goes through pre-treatment process. From there, the treated seawater will go through desalination process. The most widely used desalination is membrane desalination utilizing reverse osmosis membrane. After desalination process, the fresh water will go through more filtration and a series of post-treatment. Post-treatment consists of conditioning and stabilizing the water for distribution. This chapter concludes with a case study to illustrate the operation and sustainability of a small-scale desalination plant that utilizes brackish city polluted water as source.

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Life Cycle Assessment of mechanical biological pre-treatment of Municipal Solid Waste: A case study

Waste Management ◽

10.1016/j.wasman.2015.01.033 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

pp. 287-294 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Antoine Beylot ◽

Stéphane Vaxelaire ◽

Isabelle Zdanevitch ◽

Nicolas Auvinet ◽

Jacques Villeneuve

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle Assessment ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Municipal Solid Waste ◽

Solid Waste ◽

Pre Treatment

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Comparing different pre-treatment methods for strongly compacted organic sediments prior to wet-sieving: a case study on Roman waterlogged deposits

Environmental Archaeology ◽

10.1179/174963107x226462 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 207-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Patricia Vandorpe ◽

Stefanie Jacomet

Keyword(s):

Treatment Methods ◽

Organic Sediments ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Wet Sieving

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Pre-treatment and elimination systems of toxic industrial waste and sludges. The case study of the department of Attika

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1997.0490 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 36 (2-3) ◽

pp. 91-100

Author(s):

C. Malliaros ◽

A. Guitonas

Keyword(s):

Liquid Waste ◽

Public Works ◽

Toxic Waste ◽

Alternative Methods ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Evaluation Of Data ◽

Methods Of Treatment

In the departments of Attika and Viotia there are about 1,100 industries. The total amount of produced waste from the above mentioned branches is 20 × 106 t/year, 600,000t of which contain toxic substances. By contract from October 1st, 1992 between the Ministry of the Environment, Regional Planning and Public Works and three collaborating offices (among them the office of C. Malliaros) has been assigned to the latter, the realisation of a study of the management of toxic waste (liquid) and sludges, in the Departments of Attika and Viotia. The study presented in this paper investigates the following: - collection and evaluation of data and estimation of the hydraulic and pollution loads - classification of industries according to sewage facilities - further possibilities for changes of improvements in the production process of the industrial branches for the reduction of pollution and representation of these industries on maps - proposals for the collection and transport of the liquid toxic waste and sludges - pre-treatment at the source and disposal of the liquid waste and sludges - presentation of administrative and legislative regulations - forming a policy for the management and monitoring of this waste - technical and financial evaluation and investigation of the alternative methods of treatment - suggestions for the development of the area concerning the activities and the expenses at various levels.

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Characteristics of Shale Wettability by Contact Angle and Its Influencing Factors: A Case Study in Songliao

Frontiers in Earth Science ◽

10.3389/feart.2021.736938 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Haitao Xue ◽

Zhentao Dong ◽

Shansi Tian ◽

Shuangfang Lu ◽

Ce An ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Contact Angle ◽

Clay Minerals ◽

Influencing Factors ◽

Aqueous Media ◽

Mineralogical Composition ◽

Low Salinity ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Set Up ◽

Angle Method

Wettability is a significant factor in the exploration and development of shale oil. Currently, shale wettability has yet to reach a unified understanding. The contact angle is widely used in the study of shale wettability. However, the pre-treatment of the shale profoundly affects the contact angle. In this paper, the contact angle errors introduced by the pre-treatment of samples are discussed. Shale wettability is influenced by many factors, and there is not yet a systematic study of its influencing factors. Based on the above issues, the shale of the northern Songliao Basin was taken as the subject. The wettability of the different lithofacies is characterized by an improved contact angle method. The compositional characteristics of the shales and oil in the study area were analyzed. Fresh minerals, a single component of oil, and different temperature/pressure conditions were set up to investigate the influencing factors of shale wettability. The studies show that Organic matter abundance and thermal maturity have a positive correlation with oil-wet. Siliceous minerals are positively correlated with water-wet. Carbonate and clay minerals are negatively correlated with water-wet. The mineralogical composition of the shale, the composition of the oil, the characteristics of the aqueous media, the asphaltene deposits on the surface, temperature, and pressure all impact wettability. The affinity of minerals for hydrocarbons is iron minerals > carbonate minerals > clay minerals > siliceous minerals. Minerals are more hydrophilic at low salinity conditions. The deposition of non-hydrocarbons and asphaltenes renders the surface oleophilic. Increasing temperatures will reduce the hydrophilicity of the “oil-water-rock”.

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Penerapan Play Therapy untuk Meningkatkan Perilaku Bersekolah pada Anak dengan School Refusal Behavior (SRB)

Anterior Jurnal ◽

10.33084/anterior.v15i1.196 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 30-38

Author(s):

Esty Aryani Safithry

Keyword(s):

Play Therapy ◽

Single Case ◽

School Refusal ◽

Single Case Study ◽

School Behavior ◽

School Refusal Behavior ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Therapy Sessions

This research aims to determine whether play therapy can improve the behavior of school children with school refusal behavior. This research used single case study. The subjects used in this research amounts to one person who has school refusal behavior. Methods of data collection using interviews, observation and documentation. Stages ofis divided into10 sessions of therapy sessions plus pre-treatment, post-treatment and follow-up. Results of this research showed improvement in school behavior at the time pre treatment only1 time a week to 6 times on a follow-up session.

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Assessing the stability of anaerobic co-digestion in the context of a WWTP with thermal pre-treatment of sewage sludge. Case study in Chile

Waste Management ◽

10.1016/j.wasman.2019.09.025 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 100 ◽

pp. 240-248 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andres Donoso-Bravo ◽

Valentina Ortega ◽

Yves Lesty ◽

Hugues Vanden Bossche ◽

Diego Olivares

Keyword(s):

Sewage Sludge ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

The Stability

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A case study for a cost-benefit-based, stepwise optimization of thermo-chemical WAS pre-treatment for anaerobic digestion

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management ◽

10.1007/s10163-016-0577-x ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 266-273 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Magdalena Nagler ◽

Peter Aichinger ◽

Martin Kuprian ◽

Thomas Pümpel ◽

Heribert Insam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anaerobic Digestion ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Pre Treatment

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On-Chip Purification of Tetracyclines Based on Copper Ions Interaction

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21217236 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (21) ◽

pp. 7236

Author(s):

Lorenzo Lunelli ◽

Martina Germanis ◽

Lia Vanzetti ◽

Roberta Tatti ◽

Cristina Potrich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Beads ◽

Copper Ions ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Microfluidic System ◽

Bacterial Diseases ◽

Animal Growth ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

On Chip ◽

Set Up

Antibiotics are widely used to both prevent and treat bacterial diseases as well as promote animal growth. This massive use leads to the presence of residual antibiotics in food with severe consequences for human health. Limitations and regulations on the tolerated amount of antibiotics in food have been introduced and analytical methods have been developed. The bioanalytical methods usually employed to detect antibiotic residues, however, are time-consuming, expensive and laboratory-based. Novel methods with improved rapidity, portability and cost that are easy-to-use and sustainable are therefore highly desirable. In the attempt to fulfill this need, a microfluidic system was set up herein for the purification and pre-concentration of tetracyclines from raw milk selected as the case-study. The system includes a polymeric microfluidic chip containing magnetic beads loaded with copper to exploit the preferential interaction of tetracycline with divalent ions. The microfluidic system was demonstrated to efficiently pre-concentrate tetracycline, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline with similar performances and efficiently purify tetracycline from raw milk without any pre-treatment. The simplified method described in this paper could be easily integrated in a compact and portable device for the in-field detection of tetracyclines, with the economic advantage of preventing food wastes and guaranteeing food safety.

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