‘British India on trial’: Brighton Military Hospitals and the politics of empire in World War I

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Hyson ◽  
Alan Lester
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Balaji

The monetary policy of British India was highly controversial during the interwar period as it aimed to protect the budgetary obligations and private commerce. The currency stabilization policy was seen as a tool to protect the British economic interest while they ruled India. The currency came under serious pressure during the World War I and Great depression, the facets of Indian currency’s dependence was exposed through the modified council bill system and Gold exchange standard. The much-needed currency reforms and banking system were conceded by the colonial administration after much wrangling for half a century.


2015 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 1079-1084
Author(s):  
N N Blokhina

The article describes Romanov dynasty representatives work as the Sisters of Mercy: the sister of Emperor Nicholas II Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna, and cousin of the Emperor Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, in the Russian military hospitals from the very first days of the First World War. Realizing that sick and wounded need care, they gave all their energy to service to them. Complying with hospitals everyday life order where they held the service, not distinguishing themselves, they lived everyday hospital life. August sisters seemed humane and kindred because they aspired to alleviate the suffering of the paternalized wounded, console them, show them kindness. The Romanov dynasty representatives personified for the wounded all near and dear to their hearts. They constituted that higher female creature which embodies the virtues of mother and wife, and at the same time the Christian service paragon, what was always much valued among Russian people. Both Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna and Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, Jr., the Red Cross Evgenevskiy community nurse, activities flowed in the tense daily work, difficult military life conditions and hardships. Sisters of Mercy of the Romanov dynasty - Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna and Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna - became exemplary models for all young sisters, who joined the road of charity in the grim days of First World War.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-172
Author(s):  
Joanna Lusek

Sister Wanda Garczyńska of God’s Will (1891–1954) was born in Lviv. She grew up in a home with patriotic traditions. She attended the educational institutions in Niżniów and Jazłowiec and the Wanda Niedziałkowska Women’s High School in Lviv. During World War I, as a volunteer nurse, she worked in military hospitals in Kiev and Lviv; she also helped in orphanages for children, and organized scouting activities. Her passion and life mission was teaching. In 1919, she graduated from the Teachers’ College in Krakow, and in 1925—from the Higher Courses for Teachers in Lviv. In 1926, she entered the Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary. After that, she taught in the schools of the Immaculate Conception in Jazłowiec and Jarosław. In 1934, she became the head of the private primary school of the Congregation at 59 Kazimierzowska Street in Warsaw’s [Warszawa] Mokotów district. From 1940, when the facility was closed by the German authorities, until she left before it was burnt down in mid-August 1944, the school held secret classes covering the secondary school curriculum for girls and boys, and secret university lectures. At Kazimierzowska, help was provided to Jewish children from the Warsaw ghetto, displaced persons from the nearby bombed houses and refugees. In March 1983, the Yad Vashem Institute of National Remembrance awarded Sister Wanda Garczyńska posthumously with the Righteous Among the Nations Medal. After the end of World War II, Sister Wanda Garczyńska organized a female gymnasium and a boarding school in Wałbrzych-Sobięcin. In June 2012, the Educational Foundation named after sister Wanda Garczyńska was established there. Its task is to support the unemployed, the poor, single mothers with children and to implement programs for the promotion of professional activation and health, as well as to support educational activities.


Author(s):  
Eugene Rogan

The Ottoman Empire, under pressure from its ally Germany, declared a jihad shortly after entering the First World War. The move was calculated to rouse Muslims in the British, French and Russian empires to rebellion. Dismissed at the time and since as a ‘jihad made in Germany’, the Ottoman attempt to turn the Great War into a holy war failed to provoke mass revolt in any part of the Muslim world. Yet, as German Orientalists predicted, the mere threat of such a rebellion, particularly in British India, was enough to force Britain and its allies to divert scarce manpower and materiel away from the main theatre of operations in the Western Front to the Ottoman front. The deepening of Britain’s engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre of war across the four years of World War I can be attributed in large part to combating the threat of jihad.


2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda J. Quiney

Abstract The experience of some 500 Canadian and Newfoundland women who served overseas as Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) nurses during the Great War has been eclipsed by the British record. Sent as auxiliary assistants to trained nurses in the military hospitals, Canadian VADs confronted a complex mix of emotional, physical, and intellectual challenges, including their “colonial” status. As casually trained, inexperienced amateurs in an unfamiliar, highly structured hospital culture, they were often resented by the overworked and undervalued trained nurses, whose struggle for professional recognition was necessarily abandoned during the crisis of war. The frequently intimate physical needs of critically ill soldiers also demanded a rationalisation of the VAD's role as “nurse” within a maternalist framework that eased social tensions for both VAD and patient. As volunteers assisting paid practitioners, the Canadian VAD experience offers new insights into a critical era of women's developing professional identities.


1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira Klein

The dark and fatal passage of plague across the Indian sub-continent in the early twentieth-century, and the inability of Western medicine quickly to halt its incursions symptomized disharmonies in the relationship between modernization and Indian society and ecology. The impact of economic development and environmental change on Indian mortality has been examined elsewhere, but the result was the perpetuation or increase of high death-rates from a multiplicity of diseases through the end of World War I. In the half-century 1872-1921 annual mortality ranged between 40 and 50 per thousand, more than twice the death-rates of the advanced West, and life expectancy fell from about 25 to 20 years. The Indian experience was not unique. Epidemics of cholera and the ‘white plague’ of tuberculosis in the industrializing West, and the ordeal of mortality in the colonial Philippines also illustrated how development activities induced social and environmental disruptions and sustained or promoted high death-rates.


2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
KRIS MANJAPRA

This essay provides a close study of the international horizons ofKallol, a Bengali literary journal, published in post-World War I Calcutta. It uncovers a historical pattern of Bengali intellectual life that marked the period from the 1870s to the 1920s, whereby an imperial imagination was transformed into an international one, as a generation of intellectuals born between 1885 and 1905 reinvented the political category of “youth”. Hermeneutics, as a philosophically informed study of how meaning is created through conversation, and grounded in this essay in the thought of Hans Georg Gadamer, helps to reveal this pattern. While translocal vistas of intellectual life were always present in Bengali thought, the contours of those horizons changed drastically in the period under study. Bengali intellectual life, framed within a center–periphery imperial axis in the 1870s, was resolutely reframed within a multipolar international constellation by the 1920s. This change was reflected by the new conversations in which young Bengalis became entangled in the years after the war. At a linguistic level, the shift was registered by the increasing use of terms such asbideś(the foreign) andāntarjātik(international), as opposed tobilāt(England, or the West), to name the world abroad. The world outside empire increasingly became a resource and theme for artists and writers. Major changes in global geopolitical alignments and in the colonial politics of British India, and the relations between generations within Bengali bhadralok society, provide contexts for the rise of this international youth imagination.


2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-92
Author(s):  
Petar Jevremović

During World War I, Martin Pappenheim, as a young doctor in the field of neurology and psychiatry, studied various possible consequences of war traumas, perhaps as part of a wider project of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy’s army. He visited military hospitals, sanatoriums and prisons, and between February and June 1916, while residing in Terezin, he had several opportunities to talk with Gavrilo Princip, who was imprisoned there. Princip was a young Bosnian Serb who had assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Sophie, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. There is written evidence of Pappenheim’s conversations with Princip; they were first published in Vienna 1926. My article is concerned with the possibility of Pappenheim’s influence on the later development of Freud’s theory.


2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 691-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Rominger

AbstractThis article explores the social impact of North African soldiers’ experiences in French military hospitals during World War I. In particular, it examines improvised “Muslim hospitals” that were opened in order to isolate North Africans from French civilian society. Colonial and military officials believed that North Africans, presumed to be warlike, pathogenic, and promiscuous, could corrupt and be corrupted by the French public. Yet while existing literature tends to highlight the dehumanization of North Africans at the hands of military and medical authorities, this article, drawing from personal correspondence, photographs, and military and medical records, reveals a more ambiguous daily reality. I argue that the individual needs and desires of wounded North Africans and of French nurses, as well as material limitations and contingencies, created spaces for an unprecedented series of humanizing personal encounters. In military-medical “colonies within the metropole,” these soldiers found themselves caught between a newfound sense of affinity with the French public and a starker sense of the boundaries of colonial practice.


Author(s):  
Robert Hemmings

A pre-eminent British neurologist, psychologist, ethnologist and anthropologist, William Halse Rivers Rivers worked as a psychiatrist in British military hospitals, most famously Craiglockhart War Hospital in Edinburgh where he adapted Freudian methods to treat World War I officers suffering from traumatic war neuroses. Rivers advocated ‘autognosis’, a method of acquiring self-knowledge by accounting for conscious and unconscious motivations and the environmental conditions that have shaped one’s state of mind, and ‘re-education’, a process by which patients learn to utilize in a pragmatic way their newly acquired self-knowledge (‘Psycho-therapeutics’ 440).


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