Bone Mineral Density in Children: Total Body Less Head, or Lumbar Spine Measurements or Both?

Background: Previous research highlighted positive musculoskeletal adaptations resulting from mechanical forces and loadings distinctive to impacts and movements with sports participation. However, little is known about these adaptations in combat athletes. The aim of this study was to quantify bone mineral density, lean muscle mass and punching and kicking power in amateur male combat athletes. Methods: Thirteen male combat athletes (lightweight and middleweight) volunteered all physiological tests including dual energy X-ray absorptiometry for bone mineral density (BMD) segmental body composition (lean muscle mass, LMM), muscle strength and striking power, sedentary controls (n = 15) were used for selected DXA outcome variables. Results: There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between combat groups for lumbar spine (+5.0%), dominant arm (+4.4%) BMD, and dominant and non-dominant leg LMM (+21.8% and +22.6%). Controls had significantly (p < 0.05) high adiposity (+36.8% relative), visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass (+69.7%), VAT area (+69.5%), lower total body BMD (−8.4%) and lumbar spine BMD (−13.8%) than controls. No differences in lower limb BMD were seen in combat groups. Arm lean mass differences (dominant versus non-dominant) were significantly different between combat groups (p < 0.05, 4.2% versus 7.3%). There were no differences in punch/kick power (absolute or relative) between combat groups. 5RM strength (bench and squat) correlated significantly with upper limb striking power (r = 0.57), dominant and non-dominant leg BMD (r = 0.67, r = 0.70, respectively) and total body BMD (r = 0.59). Conclusion: BMD and LMM appear to be particularly important to discriminate between dominant and non-dominant upper limbs and less so for lower limb dominance in recreational combat athletes.

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Changes in Bone Mineral Density Associated with Dietary-Induced Loss of Body Mass in Young Women

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0870343 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 87 (3) ◽

pp. 343-348 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

S. J. Ramsdale ◽

E. J. Bassey

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Lumbar Spine ◽

Body Mass ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Dietary Restriction ◽

Calcium Intake ◽

Dietary Assessment ◽

Premenopausal Women ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Total Body

1. Moderately overweight, premenopausal women were assessed for bone mineral density of the total body, lumbar spine and proximal femur before and after 6 months of modest dietary restriction (minimum 4800 kJ/day). The aim was to evaluate the effect of loss of body mass on bone mineral density. 2. Dietary assessment included two analyses of 3 day weighed food intakes, one before and the other after 4 months of dietary restriction. Energy and calcium intakes were significantly reduced by 27% and 5%, respectively. The change in calcium intake was negatively and significantly related to initial levels of calcium intake. 3. A significant mean loss of 3.4 ± 3.1 kg in body mass was achieved mainly in the first 3 months of the study; it was accompanied by significant losses at 6 months in bone mineral density in the total body of 0.7% and in the lumbar spine of 0.5%. There were no changes in the femur. 4. The change in bone mineral density in the total body was significantly related to the reduced absolute calcium intake, initial bone mineral density and loss of body mass. The change in bone mineral density in the spine was significantly related to the change in calcium intake. 5. These modest losses could be a threat in women with lower bone mineral density, and indicate the importance of maintaining a high intake of calcium during dietary restriction.

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HRT preserves increases in bone mineral density and reductions in body fat after a supervised exercise program

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1998.84.5.1506 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 84 (5) ◽

pp. 1506-1512 ◽

Cited By ~ 72

Author(s):

Wendy M. Kohrt ◽

Ali A. Ehsani ◽

Stanley J. Birge

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Lumbar Spine ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Exercise Program ◽

Treatment Phase ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Supervised Exercise ◽

Total Body ◽

Exercise Induced

The aims of this study were to confirm our previous finding that hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) augments exercise-induced increases in bone mineral density (BMD) in older women and to determine whether HRT preserves the adaptations when exercise is reduced or discontinued. The study included an 11-mo treatment phase and a 6-mo follow-up phase. Participants, aged 66 ± 3 yr, were assigned to control (Con; n = 10), exercise (Ex; n = 18), HRT ( n = 10), and Ex+HRT ( n = 16) groups. HRT was continued during the follow-up. After the treatment phase, changes in total body BMD were −0.5 ± 1.7, 1.5 ± 1.4, 1.2 ± 0.8, and 2.7 ± 1.2% in Con, Ex, HRT, and Ex+HRT, respectively. Ex+HRT was more effective than HRT in increasing BMD of the total body and tended ( P = 0.08) to be more effective at the lumbar spine. Ex+HRT was more effective than Ex in increasing BMD of the total body, lumbar spine, and trochanter. Exercise-induced gains in BMD were preserved during the follow-up only in those individuals on HRT. HRT also attenuated fat accumulation, particularly in the abdominal region, after the exercise program. These findings suggest that HRT is an important adjunct to exercise for the prevention not only of osteoporosis but also of diseases related to abdominal obesity.

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Associations of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake with Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women

Journal of Osteoporosis ◽

10.1155/2015/737521 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Margaret Harris ◽

Vanessa Farrell ◽

Linda Houtkooper ◽

Scott Going ◽

Timothy Lohman

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Lumbar Spine ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Dietary Pufa ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Pufa Intake ◽

Total Body

A secondary analysis of cross-sectional data was analyzed from 6 cohorts (Fall 1995–Fall 1997) of postmenopausal women (n=266;56.6±4.7years) participating in the Bone Estrogen Strength Training (BEST) study (a 12-month, block-randomized, clinical trial). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at femur neck and trochanter, lumbar spine (L2–L4), and total body BMD using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Mean dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) intakes were assessed using 8 days of diet records. Multiple linear regression was used to examine associations between dietary PUFAs and BMD. Covariates included in the models were total energy intake, body weight at year 1, years after menopause, exercise, use of hormone therapy (HT), total calcium, and total iron intakes. In the total sample, lumbar spine and total body BMD had significant negative associations with dietary PUFA intake atP<0.05. In the non-HT group, no significant associations between dietary PUFA intake and BMD were seen. In the HT group, significant inverse associations with dietary PUFA intake were seen in the spine, total body, and Ward’s triangle BMD, suggesting that HT may influence PUFA associations with BMD. This study is registered with clinicaltrials.gov, identifier:NCT00000399.

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Are consumption of dairy products and physical activity independently related to bone mineral density of 6-year-old children? Longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses in a birth cohort from Brazil

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980018001258 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (14) ◽

pp. 2654-2664 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Renata M Bielemann ◽

Juliana dos S Vaz ◽

Marlos R Domingues ◽

Alicia Matijasevich ◽

Iná S Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Lumbar Spine ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Dairy Products ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Maternal Report ◽

Total Body

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of consumption of dairy products and physical activity (PA) with bone mineral density (BMD).DesignCohort study with children from the 2004 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort.SettingPelotas, a medium-sized Brazilian city.SubjectsThe study started in 2004 and mothers/children were interviewed/measured periodically from birth to age 6 years. PA was measured by maternal proxy at 4 and 6 years and by accelerometry at 6 years. Consumption of dairy products was measured using 24 h food recall (at 4 years) and FFQ (at 6 years). Total-body and lumbar-spine BMD (g/cm2) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.ResultsAt 6 years, BMD was measured in 3444 children and 2636 children provided data on objectively measured PA by accelerometry. Consumption of dairy products at 4 years was associated with higher lumbar-spine BMD at 6 years in boys, while current consumption was positively associated with BMD in both sexes (P < 0·001). PA assessed by maternal report at 4 and 6 years of age was associated with higher BMD at 6 years in boys. PA assessed by accelerometry was positively related to total-body and lumbar-spine BMD in boys and lumbar-spine BMD in girls. We did not find evidence for an interaction between PA and consumption of dairy products on BMD.ConclusionsWe observed positive and independent longitudinal and cross-sectional associations between consumption of dairy products and PA with BMD in the total body and at the lumbar spine in young children.

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Effect of L-000845704, an αVβ3 Integrin Antagonist, on Markers of Bone Turnover and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2004-2126 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 90 (4) ◽

pp. 2022-2028 ◽

Cited By ~ 84

Author(s):

M. G. Murphy ◽

K. Cerchio ◽

S. A. Stoch ◽

K. Gottesdiener ◽

M. Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Lumbar Spine ◽

Bone Resorption ◽

Femoral Neck ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Αvβ3 Integrin ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Double Blind ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Total Body

Abstract The αVβ3 integrin (vitronectin receptor) plays a pivotal role in bone resorption. We hypothesized that L-000845704, an αVβ3 integrin antagonist, would potently inhibit bone resorption, thereby increasing bone mass as assessed by bone mineral density (BMD) in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12-month study, 227 women (average 63 yr) with low lumbar spine or femoral neck BMD were randomly assigned to receive 100 or 400 mg L-000845704 once daily (qd), 200 mg L-000845704 twice daily (bid), or placebo. L-000845704 increased lumbar spine BMD (2.1, 3.1, and 3.5% for the 100-mg-qd, 400-mg-qd, and 200-mg-bid treatment groups, respectively, vs. −0.1% for placebo; P < 0.01 all treatments vs. placebo). Only 200 mg L-000845704 bid significantly increased BMD at the hip (1.7 vs. 0.3% for placebo; P < 0.03) and femoral neck (2.4 vs. 0.7% for placebo; P < 0.05). No L-000845704 group increased total body BMD. All doses of L-000845704 resulted in a similar approximately 42% decrease from baseline of N-telopeptide cross-links (P < 0.001 vs. placebo). L-000845704 was generally well tolerated; adverse events resulting in discontinuation from the study were relatively infrequent. In conclusion, the antiresorptive effect of the αVβ3 integrin antagonist L-000845704 translated into significant increases in lumbar spine BMD. Furthermore, 200 mg L-000845704 bid provided efficacy at the hip sites. These data suggest that the αVβ3 integrin antagonist L-000845704 could be developed as an effective therapeutic agent for osteoporosis.

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Bone Mineral Density and Risk of Osteoporotic Fractures in Women with Parkinson’s Disease

Journal of Osteoporosis ◽

10.1155/2020/5027973 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maryna Bystrytska ◽

Vladyslav Povoroznyuk ◽

Nataliia Grygorieva ◽

Iryna Karaban ◽

Nina Karasevich

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Lumbar Spine ◽

Femoral Neck ◽

Distal Radius ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Osteoporotic Fractures ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Total Body

Osteoporosis and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are two important age-related diseases, which have an influence on pain, physical activity, disability, and mortality. The aim of this research was to study the parameters of bone mineral density (BMD), frequency, and 10-year probability of osteoporotic fractures (OFs) in females with Parkinson’s disease (PD). We have examined 113 postmenopausal women aged 50–74 years old which were divided into 2 groups (I, control group (CG), n = 53 and II, subjects with PD, n = 60). Bone mineral density of lumbar spine, femoral neck, distal radius, and total body were measured, and quantity and localization of vertebral deformities were performed by the vertebral fracture assessment (VFA). Ten-year probability of OFs was assessed by Ukrainian version of FRAX®. It was established that BMD of lumbar spine, femoral neck, distal radius, and total body in PD women was reliably lower compared to CG. The frequency of OFs in PD subjects was higher compared to CG (51.7 and 11.3%, respectively) with prevalence of vertebral fractures (VFs) in women with PD (52.6% among all fractures). 47.4% of the females had combined VFs: 74.2% of VFs were in thoracic part of the spine and 73.7% were wedge ones. Ten-year probability of major OFs and hip fracture were higher in PD women compared to CG with and without BMD measurements. Inclusion of PD in the FRAX calculation increased the requirement of antiosteoporotic treatment from 5 to 28% (without additional examination) and increased the need of additional BMD measurement from 50 to 68%. Anterior/posterior vertebral height ratios (Th8-Th11) measured by VFA in PD females without confirmed vertebral deformities were lower compared to indices of CG. In conclusion, women with PD have lower BMD indices, higher rate of osteoporosis, and risk of future low-energy fractures that should be taken into account in the assessment of their osteoporosis risk and clinical management.

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Bone Mineral Density in Cystic Fibrosis Patients with the CFTR I1234V Mutation in a Large Kindred Family Is Associated with Pancreatic Sufficiency

International Journal of Rheumatology ◽

10.1155/2014/465395 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Atqah Abdul Wahab ◽

M. Hammoudeh ◽

Mona Allangawi ◽

Fawziya Al-Khalaf ◽

Prem Chandra

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Cystic Fibrosis ◽

Lumbar Spine ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Whole Body ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Total Hip ◽

Radiographic Absorptiometry ◽

The Mean ◽

Total Body

Objectives. To study bone mineral density (BMD) in cystic fibrosis (CF) children and adults with the CFTR I1234V mutation associated with pancreatic sufficiency.Methods. Lumbar spine, total hip, and whole-body mineral density were measured by dual-energy radiographic absorptiometry (DEXA) scan.Zscore was used for those less than 21 years andTscore was used for those 21 years or older.Results. Twenty-one CF patients were younger than 21 years and 5 CF patients were 21 years or older. Mean age was 17.29 ± 4.95 years, ranging from 10 to 33 years. The mean BMDZscores for patients younger than 21 years were −0.69 ± 0.96 (lumbar spine = L1–L4), −0.48 ± 0.92 (total hip), and −0.38 ± 0.86 (total body). The meanTscores for patients 21 years or older were 0.14 ± 0.7 (L1–L4), 0.38 ± 1 (total hip), and 0.52 ± 1.03 (total body). BMD reduction less than −1 was found in 7 (26.9%) CF patients. Vitamin D deficiency in 20 CF patients (76.9%) tended to be lower in CF patients with low BMD. BMD was significantly correlated with FEV1; however, no significant association was observed withP. aeruginosacolonization.Conclusion. BMD reduction does occur in patients with mild CFTR mutation associated with pancreatic sufficiency.

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Bone Mineral Recovery after Parathyroidectomy in Patients with Primary and Renal Hyperparathyroidism

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jcem.83.11.5249 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 83 (11) ◽

pp. 3845-3851 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

Mohamed Abdelhadi ◽

Jörgen Nordenström

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Lumbar Spine ◽

Renal Transplant ◽

Bone Density ◽

Femoral Neck ◽

Bone Mass ◽

Distal Radius ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Total Body

Patients with hyperparathyroidism (HPT) generally display reduced bone mass due to excessive PTH activity. The effect of parathyroidectomy on bone mass changes in different types of HPT, however, is not well understood. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in the distal radius, total body, femoral neck, and lumbar spine by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in four groups of patients with different hyperparathyroid conditions: primary symptomatic HPT (n = 54), primary asymptomatic (mild) HPT (n = 24), HPT associated with hemodialysis (n = 20), and HPT associated with renal transplant (n = 30). Subsets of patients with primary symptomatic HPT (n= 52), HPT associated with hemodialysis (n = 19), and HPT associated with renal transplant (n = 15) underwent parathyroidectomy, and bone density was measured longitudinally for 3 yr. Patients with primary asymptomatic (mild) HPT did not undergo surgery and were followed prospectively. Before surgery, all groups showed a greater reduction of bone mineral density in cortical bone (distal radius) than in predominantly trabecular bone (lumbar spine). In primary symptomatic HPT, the BMD z-score of the distal radius was −1.80 ± 0.21 (±sem), and the corresponding figures for the total body, femoral neck, and lumbar spine were −0.60 ± 0.15, −0.54 ± 0.14, and −0.53 ± 0.18 compared with those of an age- and sex-matched reference group. In renal HPT BMD z-scores were −2.51± 0.38 (hemodialysis patients) and −2.83 ± 0.43 (renal transplant patients) for the distal radius and between −0.81 and− 1.46 for the other measured sites. After parathyroidectomy, BMD increased by 1–8% at all sites in patients with primary symptomatic HPT and HPT associated with renal transplant. The largest increase in bone mass was observed in patients with HPT associated with hemodialysis, in whom the improvement amounted to 7–23%. In patients with primary HPT and HPT associated with hemodialysis, this increase in bone density resulted in virtual recovery from their preoperative bone loss. The majority of patients with asymptomatic primary HPT disease (n = 21) maintained their bone density during the follow-up period and have not shown evidence of increases in serum calcium or PTH levels, but three patients followed conservatively underwent parathyroidectomy due to progressive deterioration of BMD. We conclude that, regardless of the etiology, a large proportion of HPT patients show reduced bone density. In patients with primary symptomatic HPT and patients with HPT associated with hemodialysis, bone density increases after parathyroidectomy to an extent that largely restores the preoperative bone loss. However, no anabolic effect of parathyroidectomy on bone mass was observed in patients with HPT associated with renal transplant, probably because of their immunosuppressive therapy.

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Bone Mineral Density in Children and Adolescents with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

International Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1155/2014/806895 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Paulo Alonso Garcia Alves Junior ◽

Daniel Luis Gilban Schueftan ◽

Laura Maria Carvalho de Mendonça ◽

Maria Lucia Fleiuss Farias ◽

Izabel Calland Ricarte Beserra

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Lumbar Spine ◽

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Bone Age ◽

Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽

Paediatric Patients ◽

Total Body

Chronic glucocorticoid therapy is associated with reduced bone mineral density. In paediatric patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, increased levels of androgens could not only counteract this effect, but could also advance bone age, with interference in the evaluation of densitometry. We evaluate bone mineral density in paediatric patients with classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia taking into account chronological and bone ages at the time of the measurement. Patients aged between 5 and 19 years underwent radiography of the hand and wrist followed by total body and lumbar spine densitometry. Chronological and bone ages were used in the scans interpretation. In fourteen patients, mean bone mineral densityZ-score of total body to bone age was −0.76 and of lumbar spine to bone age was −0.26, lower than those related to chronological age (+0.03 and +0.62, resp.). MeanZ-score differences were statistically significant (P=0.004for total body andP=0.003for lumbar spine). One patient was classified as having low bone mineral density only when assessed by bone age. We conclude that there was a reduction in the bone mineral densityZ-score in classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia paediatric patients when bone age was taken into account instead of chronological age.

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