Determining the relationship among stress, xerostomia, salivary flow rate, and the quality of life of undergraduate dental students

Background: Radiation-induced xerostomia is one of the most common symptoms experienced by cancer patients. The aim of our study is to evaluate the preventive and therapeutic effect of acupuncture for radiation-induced xerostomia in cancer patients. Methods: Eight databases were searched for all published randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on acupuncture for radiation-induced xerostomia in cancer patients up to December 31, 2019. Manual searching included other conference abstracts and reference lists. Meta-analysis was conducted using Revman V.5.3, and risks of bias for included studies was assessed following the Cochrane Handbook. Results: Eight clinical trials (725 participants) were analyzed, and 3 were included in a meta-analysis. All included trials had a high risk of bias, such as selection, performance, and detection bias. Analysis indicated favorable effects of acupuncture regarding the improvement of xerostomia symptoms (MD −3.05, P = 0.02, 95% CI −5.58 to −0.52), compared with sham acupuncture. There were no significant differences between real acupuncture and sham acupuncture regarding the stimulated salivary flow rate (MD 0.37, P = 0.08, 95% CI −0.05 to 0.79) and unstimulated salivary flow rate (MD 0.09, P = 0.12, 95% CI −0.02 to 0.21), which were whole salivary flow rate. Compared with no acupuncture (standard oral care, usual care, or no treatment), acupuncture produced a significant improvement in patient-reported xerostomia, without causing serious adverse effects. However, a Grading of Recommended Assessments analysis revealed that the quality of all acupuncture outcome measures was low. Conclusion: The present meta-analysis and systematic review suggests that acupuncture is effective at improving xerostomia symptoms in cancer patients but not at objective salivary flow measurements. The evidence is still limited due to the low quality of the published studies.

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On the Relationship between the Rate of Salivary Flow and Salivary Fluoride Clearance

Caries Research ◽

10.1159/000365949 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 141-146 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ralph M. Duckworth ◽

S. Jones

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Time Of Application ◽

Saliva Flow Rate ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

Observed Behaviour ◽

Saliva Flow ◽

Unstimulated Whole Saliva ◽

The Relationship

The amount of fluoride retained in the mouth following the application of dentifrices, mouthwashes, etc. may be important in determining their anticaries efficacy. In this study we investigated the relationship between the salivary flow rate and salivary fluoride clearance. Ten adults tested six mouthrinses, consisting of aqueous sodium fluoride solutions (0.013, 0.026 mol/l) with and without added sodium chloride (1.28 mol/l) or sucrose (0.44 mol/l), in a randomised order. Prior to each test, subjects swallowed, rinsed for 2 min with 2 ml water and then expectorated into a preweighed container to obtain a measure of initial saliva flow rate. Next, the procedure was repeated using one of the test rinses. Finally, samples of unstimulated whole saliva were collected for up to 3 h after each mouthrinse application and analysed for fluoride. Salivary fluoride concentrations were significantly lower after application of mouthrinses that contained either sucrose or NaCl, both of which compounds markedly enhanced salivary flow, than after the use of corresponding mouthrinses without any additive. Area under the salivary fluoride clearance curve (AUC) values were inversely correlated with salivary flow rate on an individual basis (p < 0.01). The observed behaviour could not be completely attributed to treatment dilution by saliva at the time of application.

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Higher Masticatory Performance and Higher Number of Chewing Strokes Increase Retronasal Aroma

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2021.623507 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Jumpei Okawa ◽

Kazuhiro Hori ◽

Tasuku Yoshimoto ◽

Simonne E. Salazar ◽

Takahiro Ono

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Masticatory Performance ◽

Explanatory Variables ◽

Performance Group ◽

Gummy Jelly ◽

The Relationship

Mastication is a physiological process whereby food is comminuted and mixed with saliva to form a swallowable bolus; it is also the initial process for retronasal aroma that is released from foods to receptors in the nose. However, the influence of mastication state on retronasal aroma is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between aroma concentration and factors related to mastication state. The study design was an analytical observational study. Twelve male volunteers (age, 26.5 ± 2.7 years) were recruited and divided into five and seven participants in the low and high masticatory performance groups, respectively. The stimulated salivary flow rate was measured while participants chewed paraffin wax. First, an odor sensor was placed in the nostril, and the aroma concentration was measured over time as participants chewed an orange-flavored gummy jelly standardized for masticatory performance assessment until swallowing; chewing strokes were counted to determine swallowing thresholds. Next, participants were instructed to chew the gummy jelly for a certain number of strokes (i.e., 50 or 100% of swallowing thresholds, as well as 30 strokes) and expectorate the jelly without swallowing. The surface area of comminuted jelly at 30 chewing strokes was defined as masticatory performance. Maximum and slope of aroma concentration, surface area, number of chewing strokes, and stimulated salivary flow rate were compared between low and high masticatory performance groups. Statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. At 30 chewing strokes, the maximum aroma concentration and the slope were significantly greater in the high masticatory performance group than in the low masticatory performance group. There was a positive correlation between the maximum aroma concentration and the number of chewing strokes with aroma release in both groups. No significant correlation was found between the maximum aroma concentration and the stimulated salivary flow rate. However, multiple regression analysis (with aroma concentration as a dependent variable) showed that the increase in surface area, the number of chewing strokes, and the stimulated salivary flow rate were significant explanatory variables. The results suggested that retronasal aroma was influenced by mastication state and salivary flow rate during chewing.

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The impact of dental environment stress on caries experience, salivary flow rate and uric acid

Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry ◽

10.26477/jbcd.v32i1.2756 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 35-41

Author(s):

Raghad I Kadhum ◽

Alhan A Qasim

Keyword(s):

Uric Acid ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Dental Students ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Mild Stress ◽

Severe Stress ◽

Stress Group ◽

Environment Stress ◽

Dental Environment

Background: Several pathologies of the oral cavity have been associated with stress. Dental students need to gain assorted proficiencies as theoretical knowledge, clinical proficiencies, and interpersonal dexterity which is accompanied with high level of stress. Uric acid is the major antioxidant in saliva. The aim of this study is to assess the dental caries experience among dental students with different levels of dental environment stress in relation to physicochemical characteristics of whole unstimulated saliva. Materials and Methods: the total sample is composed of 300 dental students (73 males, 227 female) aged 22-23 years old, from collage of dentistry / university of Baghdad, from the 4th and 5th grade. The total sample was classified into three categories (mild stress, moderate stress and severe stress) according to Dental environment stress questionnaire (DESQ); Diagnosis and recording of dental caries were assessed according to Decay, Missed, Filled surface and teeth index (DMFS, DMFT) of WHO criteria in 1987. Unstimulated salivary samples were collected from the 95 dental students from the mild stress group (27 male, 28 female) and from the severe stress group (11 male, 29 female). Then, salivary flow rate was measured and chemically analyzed to determine salivary uric acid concentration. All data were analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 21. Results: The mean value of the DMFT and DS fraction was higher among severe stress group of dental environment stress scale with no significant differences (P≥ 0.05), while DMFS, FS and MS fractions were higher among moderate stress group of dental environment stress scale with no significant differences (P≥ 0.05). The data from salivary analysis showed that the mean value of salivary flow rate was lower among severe dental environment stress category than mild dental environment stress category but the difference was statistically not significant, while the mean value of uric acid was higher among students with severe dental environment stress than students with mild dental environment stress with statistically significant difference. The flow rate was negatively correlated with caries experience among both mild and severe stress groups except for the DS was positively correlated with flow rate among students with mild stress. The correlation of uric acid with DMFT was negative among students with mild stress while among severe stress group was positive; however all these correlations were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Dental environment stress appears to affect oral health, shown by higher caries prevalence among dental students with moderate and severe dental environment stress level by affecting the normal level of salivary flow rate and uric acid. Keywords: Dental environment stress, stress, dental caries, flow rate, uric acid.

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Hubungan Laju Alir dan Viskositas Saliva dengan Tingkat Kecekatan Gigi Tiruan Penuh pada Pasien Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut Universitas Andalas

Andalas Dental Journal ◽

10.25077/adj.v4i2.137 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 59-66

Author(s):

Eni Rahmi ◽

Sevty Agustin ◽

Arymbi Pujiastuty

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Significant Relationship ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Complete Denture ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Denture Base ◽

Cross Sectional Design ◽

The Relationship ◽

Mandibular Complete Denture

The most common complaint reported by patients in denture wearing is loose denture, caused by lack of retention. In the complete denture wearing, saliva plays an important role in retention. A well-fitting denture base to supporting tissues and the presence of adequate border seals will provide optimal denture retention. This condition can be achieved if it is supported by adequate volume, flow, and consistency of saliva. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between flow rate and viscosity of saliva with complete denture retention in Andalas Dental Collage and Hospital. This study used a cross sectional design. Thirty patients of complete denture wearers at the Andalas Dental Collage and Hospital were included in this study. Samples were selected through consecutive sampling method. Data were collected by using medical records, saliva viscosity assesstment, salivary flow rate measurement, and complete denture retention examination. Data were analyzed by Mann Whitney tes with p< 0,05. There was a significant relationship between salivary flow rate and maxillary complete denture retention (p= 0,002) and there was a significant relationship between saliva viscosity and maxillary complete denture retention (p= 0,002). However there was no relationship between salivary flow rate and mandibular complete denture retention (p= 0.101) and there was no relationship between saliva viscosity and mandibular complete denture retention (p= 0,223). The conclusion of this study was that the flow rate and viscosity of saliva was associated with maxillary complete denture retention yet was not associated with mandibular denture retention.

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Hubungan jam tidur kurang optimal terhadap laju alir saliva pada dokter mudaThe relationship of less optimal sleep hour on the salivary flow rate in young doctor

Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Padjadjaran ◽

10.24198/jkg.v32i3.28958 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 220

Author(s):

Indah Puti Rahmayani Sabirin ◽

Ratih Widyasari ◽

Nanda Denia Astika Putri

Keyword(s):

Circadian Rhythms ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Stimulation Method ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Sleep Hour ◽

The Relationship

Pendahuluan: Saliva merupakan komponen di dalam mulut yang memiliki fungsi yang sangat penting dalam menentukan kondisi lingkungan di dalam rongga mulut. Jam tidur yang kurang optimal dapat memengaruhi irama sirkadian dan tingkat laju alir saliva mengikuti irama sirkadian. Kecepatan laju alir saliva yang tinggi dapat menurunkan risiko terjadinya karies. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisispengaruh jam tidur yang kurang optimal terhadap laju alir saliva. Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah analitik dengan rancangan penelitian studi cross-sectional. Sampel penelitian ini adalah dokter muda di Rumah Sakit Dustira yang diambil secara total sampling dengan jumlah 55 sampel. Pemeriksaan laju alir saliva diambil menggunakan metode tanpa stimulasi yang diukur dengan stopwatch selama 60 detik. Data laju alir saliva dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan korelasi Spearman. Hasil: Terdapat hubungan antara jam tidur yang kurang optimal terhadap laju alir saliva (p=0,017, r=0,320). Simpulan: Jam tidur yang kurang optimal dapat memengaruhi kecepatan laju alir saliva menjadi lebih tinggi.Kata kunci : Irama sirkadian, jam tidur kurang optimal, laju alir saliva, saliva. ABSTRACTIntroduction: Saliva is a component in the oral cavity with a vital function in determining the environmental conditions. Less optimal sleep hours can affect the circadian rhythms and the salivary flow rates along with the circadian rhythms. High salivary flow rate can reduce the risk of caries. This study was aimed to analyse the effect of less optimal sleep hour on the salivary flow rate. Methods: This research was an analytic study with a cross-sectional study design. This study’s sample was young doctors at Dustira Hospital who were taken by total sampling, which obtained 55 samples. The salivary flow rate examination was taken using the non-stimulation method measured by a stopwatch for 60 seconds. The salivary flow rate data were statistically analysed using the Spearman correlation. Results: There was a relationship between less optimal sleep hour and the salivary flow rate (p=0.017; r=0.320). Conclusion: Less optimal sleep hour can increase the salivary flow rate.Keywords: Circadian rhythm, less optimal sleep hour, salivary flow rate, saliva.

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Caries Prevalence in Chronic Alcoholics and the Relationship to Salivary Flow Rate and pH

Central European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.21101/cejph.a3796 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 43-47 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Walter Dukić ◽

Tanja Trivanović Dobrijević ◽

Marina Katunarić ◽

Stjepanka Lešić

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Caries Prevalence ◽

The Relationship

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Are Salivary Gland Ultrasonography Scores Associated with Salivary Flow Rates and Oral Health-related Quality of Life in Sjögren Syndrome?

The Journal of Rheumatology ◽

10.3899/jrheum.190849 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 47 (12) ◽

pp. 1774-1779

Author(s):

Yasemin Yalcinkaya ◽

Gonca Mumcu ◽

Filiz Türe Özdemir ◽

Ramazan Esad Kuruş ◽

Ali Uğur Ünal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Salivary Gland ◽

Oral Health ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Health Related Quality ◽

Related Quality ◽

Health Related ◽

Gland Function

Objective.Major salivary gland ultrasonography (SGUS) is a widely used imaging technique to evaluate salivary gland involvement in primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between SGUS, salivary flow rate (SFR) as an objective measure of the gland function, and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) as a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) in a pSS cohort.Methods.Sixty-six patients with pSS were examined by SGUS according to Hocevar and Milic scoring systems. Patients with inhomogeneity/hypoechoic areas with scores ≥ 2 in parotid and submandibular glands were classified separately as “severe glandular involvement.” Further, oral health, SFR, and Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) for OHRQOL were assessed.ResultsBoth total Hocevar and Milic scores were higher in 21 pSS patients with low unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (U-WSFR) than 45 pSS patients without low U-WSFR (P = 0.001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Increased scores of homogeneity, hypoechoic areas and glandular border visibility were observed in patients with low U-WSFR (P < 0.05). Among these variables, homogeneity score was found to be an independent risk factor for low U-WSFR in pSS according to logistic regression analysis (OR 1.586, P = 0.001). Moreover, a higher OHIP-14 score was observed in severe parotid involvement compared to nonsevere cases (23.26 ± 21.19 vs 8.32 ± 13.82, P = 0.004).Conclusion.High Milic and Hocevar SGUS scores are associated with reduced SFR and poor OHRQOL as a PROM. The inhomogeneity component of the SGUS score is associated with low U-WSFR and is an indicator of severely affected gland function.

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