scholarly journals PHP8 A Review of Economic Evaluations on New Drugs Priced by the Cost Calculation Method in Japan. Can Japan go Beyond the Conventional Cost-Based Pricing?

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. A14
Author(s):  
M. Kasai ◽  
T. Shiroiwa ◽  
S. Ikeda
Keyword(s):  
Calculation Method ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Cost Calculation ◽  
The Cost

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan L Severens ◽  
Gert-Jan van der Wilt
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Random Sample ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Cost Calculation ◽  
Quality Of Reporting ◽  
Methodological Review ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
The Cost

Objectives: The purpose of this review was to examine whether studies from the medical literature focusing on efficiency of diagnostic facilities reported economic evaluation methods appropriately, following guidelines for conducting and reporting economic evaluations.Methods: A Medline search was conducted, and studies that concerned a diagnostic technology and fulfilled the Drummond criteria were selected for methodological review. The reliability of selection and methodological review based on the abstracts was determined by scoring a random sample of both abstracts and full articles. lnterrater reliability was determined by scoring a random sample of abstracts by both authors. Kappa values were calculated. Nine methodological aspects were reviewed: study design, the type of economic evaluation, the comparison made, the study's perspective, the cost-effectiveness ratio used, the definition of cost-effective, the types of costs analyzed, the cost calculation method, and the use of sensitivity analysis.Results: Two hundred fifty studies published between 1992 and 1997 were found regarding efficiency of diagnosticfacilities; 134 studiesfulfilled the Drummond criteriaand were selected for methodological review. Kappavalues showed reliability of selection and methodological review and interrater reliability. The existing literatue on the economic evaluation of diagnostic facilities does not adhere well to guidelines for economic evaluation. In 95%, no perspective was mentioned, in 50% of the cases no ratio was given, in 82% the cost calculation method was not mentioned, and in 66% no sensitivity analysis was reported.Conclusions: Our review suggests that to improve the quality of reporting economic evaluations, editorial boards could issue and enforce guidelines for standard reporting of such studies.

CostRFID

2015 ◽  
pp. 27-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Engel ◽  
Suparna Goswami ◽  
Andreas Englschalk ◽  
Helmut Krcmar
Keyword(s):  
Calculation Method ◽  
Design Science ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Cost Calculation ◽  
Chain Management ◽  
Rfid Systems ◽  
Science Approach ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Integration Project ◽  
Practical Implications

Although many firms have initiated RFID projects, they often face significant difficulties in integrating RFID systems into their existing IT landscape. One such difficulty is the upfront estimation of the cost of the RFID integration project. This chapter addresses this issue by using a design science approach to provide a cost calculation for RFID integration projects. Drawing from literature in the fields of information systems and RFID, software engineering and supply chain management, the authors develop the cost calculation method that is then implemented in a prototype. The prototype is developed and evaluated in an iterative fashion using focus groups, RFID experts, and the cognitive walkthrough method. The authors contribute to theory by proposing a new cost calculation method to estimate the costs of RFID integration projects. Practical implications include a more accurate estimation of the cost of integrating RFID systems into the existing IT landscape and a risk reduction for RFID projects.

Analyzing Upward Deviation of Actual vs Predicted Drug Sales in Japan for a Reasonable Drug-Pricing Policy

2019 ◽  
pp. 216847901986012
Author(s):  
Shoyo Shibata ◽  
Daigo Fukumoto ◽  
Takeshi Suzuki ◽  
Koken Ozaki
Keyword(s):  
Calculation Method ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Cost Calculation ◽  
Drug Pricing ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Drug Sales ◽  
Drug Prices ◽  
Pharmaceutical Expenditures ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Upward Deviation

Background: Predictions of drug sales play an important role in setting drug prices in Japan, where drug prices are highly regulated. One of 2 primary Japanese drug-pricing methodologies—the cost calculation method— refers extensively to the prediction of drug sales in establishing drug prices. Deviations from predicted sales can induce disproportionate drug prices and unexpected pharmaceutical expenditures. This study aimed to estimate the upward deviation of actual sales from predicted sales and to explore the predictors of such upward deviation. Methods: Estimates of upward deviation in 2015 were produced for new molecular entities (NMEs) approved in 2006-2015. To identify the predictors associated with upward deviation through binary logistic regression analyses, sales within 3 years of launch and in the predicted year in which peak sales would be reached were used. Results: Estimated upward deviation was more than 1220 billion yen in 2015 for the targeted drugs. Drugs priced by the cost calculation method or by obtaining additional indications were significantly more likely to show an upward deviation from predicted peak sales. Conclusion: There is substantial upward deviation between actual and predicted drug sales in Japan. So long as drug sales predictions are used in drug price calculations, a flexible repricing system is needed to buffer unexpected pharmaceutical expenditures.

Building castles on sands or quicksands?

1998 ◽  
Vol 173 (S36) ◽  
pp. 12-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Maynard ◽  
Karen Bloor
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Essential Input ◽  
The Cost

Economic evaluations of new and existing pharmaceutical products are an essential input into decision-making in health care. Health care systems around the world face steady increases in the total cost of pharmaceuticals. Increasingly, health care funders have to choose which drugs are subsidised and which are not reimbursed from public funds. In psychiatry, a number of new pharmaceutical products have recently been developed for the treatment of depression and schizophrenia which cost considerably more than traditional pharmacological products. Governments and purchasers, with limited budgets and expanded demands for funding, require pharmaceutical companies to demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of their new therapies. It is no longer sufficient to consider the clinical or therapeutic effects of new drugs: purchasing choices are predicted on studies which identify, measure and value what is given up when a product is used (the cost) and what is gained (improved health outcome).

scholarly journals Review Perhitungan Biaya Wheeling (Wheeling Cost Calculation Review)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-122
Author(s):  
Yusuf Susilo Wijoyo ◽  
Sasongko Pramono Hadi ◽  
Sarjiya Sarjiya
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Cost Allocation ◽  
Cost Calculation ◽  
Transmission Network ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Fairness Principle ◽  
Cost Components

Wheeling is a solution to the complexity of transmission network constructing problem. With the wheeling concept, a power plant owner can deliver electricity to its load without having to construct a transmission network. The owner of the power plant can utilize the transmission network belonging to other entities. The wheeling concept is an interesting thing in terms of increasing current renewable energy penetration. This is due to the construction of the transmission network, which is one of the obstacles in increasing renewable energy penetration. Fairness of wheeling costs is still one important topic. The discussion regarding wheeling costs emphasizes that the costs charged to each party involved can meet the fairness principle, which is in accordance with their respective contributions to the implementation of wheeling. Broadly speaking, research related to wheeling can be grouped into research for developing wheeling cost calculation methods and research for developing wheeling cost allocation methods. The development of the wheeling cost calculation method also includes the development of cost components that can be included in the cost calculation. This study summarizes the discussion of wheeling costs on three aspects, namely calculation methods, cost components, and cost allocation mechanisms.

scholarly journals OPTIMISATION OF WELDED BEAMS: HOW COST FUNCTIONS AFFECT THE RESULTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 2531-2540
Author(s):  
D. Miler ◽  
M. Hoić ◽  
D. Žeželj
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Cost Functions ◽  
Cost Calculation ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
Market Competitiveness ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Negligible Influence

AbstractThe increasing market competitiveness and CAE availability require the products to be optimised. This practice is exceedingly present when producing semi-standard parts like structural elements. Several cost calculation methods are developed, bringing up the question - which one to use? In this article, we compared three methods; a welded I-section beam was used as an example. The optimisation was carried out using two objectives (mass and cost) and was submitted to Eurocode boundary conditions. The results have shown that the cost calculation method has a negligible influence on the results.

Design of Electrolytic Strengthening Machine for Cutting Edge of Cutter

2016 ◽  
Vol 693 ◽  
pp. 1585-1590
Author(s):  
Yi Zhuo Guo ◽  
Xian Guo Yan ◽  
Shu Juan Li ◽  
Hong Guo
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Electric Quantity

Many studies have proved the service life of cutter can be prolonged by electrolytic strengthening. Based on the theory of electrolytic strengthening technology, this paper introduced and developed prototype equipment for strengthening cutting edge of rotary cutter and put forward a calculation method of total electric quantity consumption during the electrolysis suitable for microcontroller. The M8 high-speed steel tap is taken as a strengthening example. After finished the strengthening process that it clearly see the results of the surface of tap was obviously polished by observing the micrograph. This equipment improves the reliability of electrolytic strengthening and the cost is relatively cheap.

Economic impact of the use of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvine Fansi ◽  
Angela Ly ◽  
Julie Mayrand ◽  
Maggy Wassef ◽  
Aldanie Rho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Quality Improvement Program ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Complication Rates ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Surgical Quality ◽  
Acs Nsqip ◽  
The Cost

Objectives The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP®) is a validated, risk-adjusted database for improving the quality and security of surgical care. ACS NSQIP can help participating hospitals target areas that need improvement. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature analyzing the economic impact of using NSQIP. This paper also provides an estimation of annual cost savings following the implementation of NSQIP and quality improvement (QI) activities in two hospitals in Quebec. Methods In June 2018, we searched in seven databases, including PubMed, Embase, and NHSEED for economic evaluations based on NSQIP data. Contextual NSQIP databases from two hospitals were collected and analyzed. A cost analysis was conducted from the hospital care perspective, comparing complication costs before and after 1 year of the implementation of NSQIP and QI activities. The number and the cost of complications are measured. Costs are presented in 2018 Canadian dollars. Results Out of 1,612 studies, 11 were selected. The level of overall evidence was judged to be of moderate to high quality. In general, data showed that, following the implementation of NSQIP and QI activities, a significant decrease in complications and associated costs was observed, which improved with time. In the cost analysis of contextual data, the reduction in complication costs outweighed the cost of implementing NSQIP. However, this cost analysis did not take into account the costs of QI activities. Conclusions NSQIP improves complication rates and associated costs when QI activities are implemented.

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