National Rare Disease Strategies: The Current State for Orphan Drug Market Access in European Union (Eu) Member States

The paper refers to some introduction problems of Digital Tachograph System (DTS) in EEA. It affects 25 states of the European Union and EFTA (Island, Liechtenstein, Norway) and Switzerland. The legislation principles and structure of DTS in the EU are characterized, especially Polish elements. The current state of DTS introduction in the EU Member States was also noted. Some problems of data security concern TACHONET system that ensures reliable and secure exchange of data between Member States issuing tachograph cards. The digital tachograph security principles (ITSEC) of the motion sensor, the vehicle unit and the smart cards were taken into consideration.

Download Full-text

ND3 ORPHAN DRUG MARKET ACCESS CHALLENGES IN EUROPEAN UNION FIVE.

Value in Health ◽

10.1016/j.jval.2020.04.051 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 ◽

pp. S9

Author(s):

A. Bin Sawad ◽

F. Turkistani

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Orphan Drug ◽

Market Access ◽

Drug Market

Download Full-text

Political aspects of security of the European Union Member States

10.31338/1641-2478pe.3.20.6 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 97-105

Author(s):

Aleksandra Kusztykiewicz-Fedurek

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Negative Impact ◽

The European Union ◽

Member States ◽

Eu Member States ◽

Political Security ◽

New Institutions ◽

The Stability ◽

Key Aspects ◽

The Eu

Political security is very often considered through the prism of individual states. In the scholar literature in-depth analyses of this kind of security are rarely encountered in the context of international entities that these countries integrate. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to key aspects of political security in the European Union (EU) Member States. The EU as a supranational organisation, gathering Member States first, ensures the stability of the EU as a whole, and secondly, it ensures that Member States respect common values and principles. Additionally, the EU institutions focus on ensuring the proper functioning of the Eurozone (also called officially “euro area” in EU regulations). Actions that may have a negative impact on the level of the EU’s political security include the boycott of establishing new institutions conducive to the peaceful coexistence and development of states. These threats seem to have a significant impact on the situation in the EU in the face of the proposed (and not accepted by Member States not belonging to the Eurogroup) Eurozone reforms concerning, inter alia, appointment of the Minister of Economy and Finance and the creation of a new institution - the European Monetary Fund.

Download Full-text

European Regional Inequalities: The Other Face of Development

International Journal of Economics and Finance ◽

10.5539/ijef.v9n4p163 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 163

Author(s):

Celeste Perrucchini ◽

Hiroshi Ito

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Empirical Evidence ◽

Capita Income ◽

Relevant Literature ◽

Point Of View ◽

The European Union ◽

Per Capita Income ◽

Member States ◽

Eu Member States ◽

Per Capita

Empirical evidence suggests an overall convergence in terms of GDP and per capita income occurring among the European Union (EU) Member States. Nevertheless, economic inequalities have been increasing at the regional level within European Union countries. Through the review of relevant literature, this study analyzes the increasing inequalities from an economical point of view, focusing on Italy and the UK as examples. First, a general overlook of the empirical evidence of the GDP and per capita income at national and sub-national levels will be presented. Second, an explanation of the possible causes of the results will be proposed through the use of economical and sociological theories. The findings of this research might uncover the relative inefficacy of EU Cohesion policies and point towards the necessity for deeper and more thoughtful measures to continue the convergence of Member States while preserving internal equilibria. This paper ends with discussions for the future directions of the EU.

Download Full-text

Assessing the Level of Renewable Energy Development in the European Union Member States. A 10-Year Perspective

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14133765 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (13) ◽

pp. 3765

Author(s):

Jarosław Brodny ◽

Magdalena Tutak ◽

Peter Bindzár

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Economic Development ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Development ◽

The State ◽

The European Union ◽

Member States ◽

Current State ◽

Renewable Energy Development ◽

European Union Countries

The global economic development is, to a great extent, dependent on access to large amounts of cheap energy sources. The growing social awareness of ecology and the enormous damage to the Earth’s ecosystem due to the production of energy from conventional sources have forced fundamental changes in the energy sector. Renewable energy is considered to be an opportunity for such changes. The current state of the art allows such changes to be made without restricting economic development. Therefore, activities related to the energy transition are being taken all over the world. The European Union has definitely managed to achieve the most tangible effects in this regard. This article presents the findings of the research aimed at presenting the current state of renewable energy in the European Union and analyzing the changes reported in this sector in the last decade. The research was carried out using a selected set of 11 indicators characterizing renewable energy in individual countries. These indicators were selected on the basis of literature review and own studies of the state of renewable energy and its development prospects. Based on these indicators, changes in the energy structure of individual European Union countries between 2008–2018 were determined. The study is divided into two main stages. The principal components analysis (PCA) was used for the first analysis. In turn, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was adopted to assess the level of renewable energy development in the European Union countries. Both these methods and the extended statistical analysis were applied to determine the state of renewable energy development in the European Union countries in the studied period and to divide the Member States into classes with different levels of development. The results of the study showed that the EU countries are characterized by significant differences in the development of RES during the period in question. The unquestionable leaders in this respect are Sweden, Austria, Finland, and Latvia. Based on the findings, it is possible to evaluate the effects of activities related to renewable energy development and to prepare assumptions for future activities. Additionally, both the research and its findings broaden the knowledge of the directions of renewable energy development in individual European Union countries. This is particularly important in the context of changes related to the need to reduce harmful substance emissions and the implementation of the European Green Deal idea.

Download Full-text

European Union Plant Variety Protection

10.1093/oso/9780192898234.001.0001 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gert Würtenberger ◽

Martin Ekvad ◽

Paul van der Kooij ◽

Bart Kiewiet

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Case Law ◽

Patent Infringement ◽

Practical Relevance ◽

Member States ◽

Plant Variety Protection ◽

Eu Member States ◽

Plant Variety ◽

Variety Protection ◽

The Eu

This book explains how the Community plant variety rights system works and provides guidance regarding the field of law relating to the Basic Regulation and other implementing regulations. It gives an idea of how the grant system works, the advantages of Community plant variety rights, and the aspects to be considered in exploiting and defending. It also explains the mechanisms in the Basic Regulation on how infringements of Community plant variety rights should be dealt with, including certain enforcement systems of the EU Member States. This book analyses major aspects that are considered of practical relevance in infringement proceedings under the applicable national law. It elaborates how the case law is limited in comparison with patent infringement proceedings throughout the EU Member States.

Download Full-text

Practice of the member states of the European Union in the field of anti-corruption regulation

Journal of Financial Crime ◽

10.1108/jfc-03-2021-0050 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Dmytro S. Melnyk ◽

Oleg A. Parfylo ◽

Oleksii V. Butenko ◽

Olena V. Tykhonova ◽

Volodymyr O. Zarosylo

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

System Analysis ◽

The European Union ◽

Analysis Method ◽

Member States ◽

Content Type ◽

Eu Member States ◽

Legal Method ◽

Content Analysis Method ◽

The Eu

Purpose The experience of most European Union (EU) Member States has demonstrated effective anti-corruption practices, making the EU one of the leaders in this field, which can be used as an example to learn from in the field of anti-corruption. The purpose of this study is to analyze and identify the main features of anti-corruption legislation and strategies to prevent corruption at the national and supranational levels of the EU. Design/methodology/approach The following methods were used in the work: discourse and content analysis, method of system analysis, method of induction and deduction, historical-legal method, formal-legal method, comparative-legal method and others. Using the historical and legal method, the evolution of the formation of anti-corruption regulation at the supranational level was revealed. The comparative law method helped to compare the practices of the Member States of the EU in the field of anti-corruption regulation. The formal-legal method is used for generalization, classification and systematization of research results, as well as for the correct presentation of these results. Findings The main results, prospects for further research and the value of the material. The paper offers a critical review of key EU legal instruments on corruption, from the first initiatives taken in the mid-1990s to recent years. Originality/value In addition, the article analyzes the relevant anti-corruption legislation in the EU member states that are in the top 10 countries with the lowest level of corruption, namely: Denmark, Finland, Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg.

Download Full-text

Development and localisation of casemix applications for inpatient hospital activity in EU member states

Australian Health Review ◽

10.1071/ah990069 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 69 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Miriam M Wiley

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Policy Development ◽

Union Member ◽

Research Evidence ◽

Acute Hospital ◽

Member States ◽

Eu Member States ◽

Cultural Boundaries ◽

Hospital Systems ◽

European Union Member States

The successful infiltration of casemix techniques across geographical, systemic and cultural boundaries provides an interesting and timely example of the translation of research evidence into health policy development. This paper explores the specifics of this policy development by reviewing the application of casemix techniques within the acute hospital systems of European Union member states. The fact that experimentation with or application of casemix measures can be reported for the majority of European Union member states would suggest that the deployment of these measures can be expected to continue to expand within these health systems into the new millennium.

Download Full-text

National Food Safety Systems in the European Union: A Comparative Survey

International Journal of Food Studies ◽

10.7455/ijfs.v2i1.136 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Andreas Hadjigeorgiou ◽

Elpidoforos S. Soteriades ◽

Anastasios Philalithis ◽

Anna Psaroulaki ◽

Yiannis Tselentis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

European Union ◽

Food Safety ◽

The European Union ◽

Member States ◽

Eu Member States ◽

Comparative Survey ◽

Safety Systems ◽

Central Level ◽

The Eu

This paper is a comparative survey of the National Food Safety Systems (NFSS) of the European Union (EU) Member-States (MS) and the Central EU level. The main organizational structures of the NFSS, their legal frameworks, their responsibilities, their experiences, and challenges relating to food safety are discussed. Growing concerns about food safety have led the EU itself, its MS and non-EU countries, which are EU trade-partners, to review and modify their food safety systems. Our study suggests that the EU and 22 out of 27 Member States (MS) have reorganized their NFSS by establishing a single food safety authority or a similar organization on the national or central level. In addition, the study analyzes different approaches towards the establishment of such agencies. Areas where marked differences in approaches were seen included the division of responsibilities for risk assessment (RA), risk management (RM), and risk communication (RC). We found that in 12 Member States, all three areas of activity (RA, RM, and RC) are kept together, whereas in 10 Member States, risk management is functionally or institutionally separate from risk assessment and risk communication. No single ideal model for others to follow for the organization of a food safety authority was observed; however, revised NFSS, either in EU member states or at the EU central level, may be more effective from the previous arrangements, because they provide central supervision, give priority to food control programs, and maintain comprehensive risk analysis as part of their activities.

Download Full-text

ANALYSIS OF FALSE DOCUMENTS DETECTED AT THE BORDER CONTROL OF EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES AND THE PROSPECTIVE METHODS FOR THE DETECTION OF COUNTERFEITS

BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT ◽

10.17770/bsm.v3i8.5366 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (8) ◽

pp. 135-145

Author(s):

Gaļina Jupatova ◽

Iluta Arbidane ◽

Iveta Mietule

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Union Member ◽

Paper Analysis ◽

Document Reproduction ◽

Border Control ◽

Identity Verification ◽

Member States ◽

Eu Member States ◽

Information Materials ◽

European Union Member States

The subject of the paper "Analysis of False Documents Detected at the Border Control of European Union Member States and the Prospective Methods for the Detection of Counterfeits" is topical, as the verification of the authenticity of travel documents is the cornerstone of border controls; also, the interrelations between the techniques of producing false documents discovered in the EU Member States and the practical application of technologically new methods of document reproduction has not been extensively reviewed and evaluated in EU scientific literature and current information materials. Identity fraud is expensive: from bank accounts opened with false names to money laundering and all kinds of smuggling and terrorism. The endless variety of criminal activities gives false documents a high value. In addition, for 3 billion travelers worldwide, identity verification needs to be fast, unproblematic and effective. Due to the pressure on borders (time constraints and an increasing numbers of travelers) and the increasing complexity of modern document security, border control capabilities (officials and/or automated systems) are compelled to decide quickly and simply whether documents submitted are authentic or false. The operational execution of document verification capacity is crucial for the efficiency and security of border checks. The aim of the research is to study the quality of false documents discovered at European Union Member States’ border inspections and to identify prospective methods of their detection.

Download Full-text