Effects of reaction time and citric acid contents on the morphologies of BaCO3 via PVP-assisted method

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1099-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sa Lv ◽  
Jie Sheng ◽  
Shuang Zhang ◽  
Wendong Sun
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Citric Acid

Study on Synthesis of Ester of Citric Acid and Palmityl Alcohol

2014 ◽  
Vol 900 ◽  
pp. 361-364
Author(s):  
Xiao Hui Wang ◽  
Xi Hua Du ◽  
Li Min Dong
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Cation Exchange Resin ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Toluene Sulfonic Acid

Esters of Citric acid and palmityl alcohol were synthesized by esterification reaction under catalysis of cation exchange resin and P-toluene sulfonic acid respectively. The effects of amount of catalyst, ratio of raw materials, reaction time and temperature on the synthesis reaction were investigated . The experimental results showed that optimum of process conditions were 1:1~1:1.5 molar ratio of citric acid and palmityl alcohol, reaction temperature of 130~140°C, reaction time of 2 h. Conversion of palmityl alcohol were all more than 90% under 0.3% dosage using p-toluene sulfonic acid as the catalyst, or 0.5% dosage using 721 cation exchange resin with sulfonic acid type as catalyst. The synthesized product had good surface activity.

Male reproductive characteristics of sheep in the Indian arid zone

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-318
Author(s):  
J. P. Mittal ◽  
P. K. Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Indian Desert ◽  
Arid Conditions

SummaryThe influence of various factors like breed, season, level of nutrition, age and body weight was studied in indigenous (Marwari and Magra) and exotic (Corriedale) rams in respect of semen quality and sexual behaviour under the arid conditions of Jodhpur in the Indian desert. None of these factors except breed and level of nutrition affected semen quality. The breeds differed significantly only in respect of percentage abnormal sperms. The values for all the physical characteristics except sperm concentrations wore slightly lower in the Corriedale. Supplementary concentrate feeding resulted in significantly higher concentrations only of fructose and citric acid in the semen. The physical characteristics of the semen were only slightly superior in the feed-supplemented group of animals. The breeds differed significantly in respect of libido characteristics, with the Corriedale exhibiting the longest reaction time and the lowest number of matings in 30 min. These characteristics were, however, not affected by the other factors mentioned above.

Production of Nanocellulose Using Citric Acid in a Biorefinery Concept: Effect of the Hydrolysis Reaction Time and Techno-Economic Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (25) ◽  
pp. 11505-11516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thalita J. Bondancia ◽  
Jessica de Aguiar ◽  
Gustavo Batista ◽  
Antonio J. G. Cruz ◽  
José Manoel Marconcini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Reaction

Preparation of α High-Strength Gypsum from FGD Gypsum by Autoclaved Semi-Dry Process

2014 ◽  
Vol 1051 ◽  
pp. 230-236
Author(s):  
Ying Li ◽  
Peng Xuan Duan ◽  
Yuan Chao Miao ◽  
Qing Li
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Hydration Products ◽  
Fgd Gypsum ◽  
Dry Process ◽  
Conventional Process ◽  
New Process

This paper introduced the characteristics of α high-strength gypsum preparation from FGD gypsum by autoclaved semi-dry process. The compositions of the product in different stages of the reaction and the effects of crystal modifiers on the morphology of the α-HH crystals were examined and compared. The properties of α-HH and the feature of hydration products of α-HH were investigated. The results indicated that the α-HH crystals were well-shaped with the aspect ratio of 1 and the compressive strength of the α-HH could reach or exceed 60MPa. In the new process, the reaction time could be significantly shortened to 2.5hrs, which was much shorter than the conventional process. This process could be widely applied to prepare α high-strength gypsum with phosphogypsum, citric acid gypsum, etc.

The effect of frequent ejaculation in the ram on some semen characteristics

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 950 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Salamon
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Multiple Factor Analysis ◽  
Citric Acid Concentration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Mean Reaction Time ◽  
Multiple Factor

(1) Series of 13 ejaculates per day for 10 successive days were collected from each of five Merino rams. Every third ejaculate was examined for volume, density, and fructose and citric acid concentrations — 250 samples in all. (2) The mean fructose and citric acid concentrations were 596 and 91 mg% respectively. While the mean fructose concentrations differed significantly (P < 0.001) during the successive 10 days of collection, the citric acid concentrations did not. Both seminal constituents declined with ejaculates within days (P < 0.01 ; P< 0.001). There were significant declines in mean volume and density and an increase in mean reaction time with successive days and with collections within days (P < 0.001). Rams differed significantly in all characteristics examined (P < 0.001). (3) Multiple factor analysis revealed that three factors were mainly responsible for variances in the characteristics studied during the 10 days and within days of collection. The variances in characteristics contributed to by sequence of ejaculates in individual rams over the 10 days were: 68–96% for volume, 90–100% for density, 28–98% for reaction time, and practically nil for fructose and citric acid concentrations. There were marked ram differences in contribution of the sequence of ejaculates to the within-day variance in volume (0–90%), density (0–98%), citric acid concentration (0–98%, and reaction time (0–97%). The ejaculates collected had practically no contribution to the within-day variance in fructose concentration. (4) The rams with relatively low sexual response (long mean reaction time) tended to ejaculate semen of relatively high volume and with high concentrations of fructose and citric acid.

scholarly journals Recovery of cobalt and nickel from spent lithium ion batteries with citric acid using leaching process: Kinetics study

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 03008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliusman ◽  
Silvia ◽  
Annisaa Nurqomariah ◽  
Radifan Fajaryanto
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Kinetics Study ◽  
Citric Acid Concentration ◽  
Leaching Process ◽  
Cobalt And Nickel

Lithium ion batteries are commonly used as power sources for mobile phone, but by using it continually will degrade their capabilities. Battery replacements will cause a lot of waste in environment. Spent lithium ion batteries cathode contain heavy metals, such as cobalt and nickel. However it is also included as valuable metals thus recovery process is necessary. In this research, hydrometallurgical leaching process has been done for recovery of cobalt and nickel from spent lithium ion batteries using citric acid as a leaching agent by varying citric acid concentration (0.5-1 M), reaction temperature (50-80) and reaction time (5-20 minutes). The spent lithium ion batteries were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The result showed that the leaching of lithium ion batteries using citric acid was depend on citric acid concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time. Based on kinetics study, the leaching reaction of cobalt and nickel from cathode powder using citric acid was chemically controlled process and the activation energy of cobalt and nickel were 67.12 kJ/mole and 58.22 kJ/mole. The reaction order of leaching cobalt and nickel using citric acid was first-order reaction.

Convenient Method for Enhancing Hydrophobicity and Dispersibility of Starch Nanocrystals by Crosslinking Modification with Citric Acid

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili Ren ◽  
Yuchen Zhang ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Jiang Zhou ◽  
Jin Tong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Acid Solution ◽  
Citric Acid Solution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Spectroscopy Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hydrophobic Polymer ◽  
New Interactions ◽  
Starch Nanocrystals

AbstractThis study investigated the chemical, wettability, thermal and structural properties of starch nanocrystals (SNCs) modified through crosslinking modification using citric acid in aqueous medium. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis suggested that new interactions occurred between starch and citric acid after modification and an increase of the reaction time increased the degree of substitution. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the crystalline structure of SNCs was maintained after the crosslinking modification by adjusting the pH to 3.5, and destroyed after the modification by pretreatments without adjusting the pH of the citric acid solution. Crosslinking modification decreased the size and aggregation of SNCs and longer reaction time gave rise to the smaller particle size of SNCs modified by the pretreatments of adjusting the pH of the citric acid solution. The crosslinked SNCs had lower polarity and showed stronger hydrophobicity and dispersion stability which allowed them be used as reinforcements in hydrophobic polymer matrices.

Reaction Acceleration of Nanoporous High-Purity Pd Film Formation by Dealloying of Al-Pd-N Film in pH-Controlled EDTA Solution

MRS Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 531-538
Author(s):  
Tomoya Nishi ◽  
Syuya Hasegawa ◽  
Takuji Ube ◽  
Takashi Ishiguro
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Film Formation ◽  
Chelating Agent ◽  
Alloy Film ◽  
Tetraacetic Acid ◽  
Reaction Acceleration ◽  
Metallic Palladium ◽  
Edta Solution ◽  
Pd Alloy

AbstractMetallic palladium (Pd) is used for hydrogen storage and detection. Fabrication of a nanoporous (NP) Pd structure can increase the specific surface area leading to a significant improvement in the sensitivity. In our previous study, we succeeded in forming a NP-Pd film by dealloying an Al-Pd alloy film using citric acid as a chelating agent. This method was environmentally friendly but had a long reaction time and a considerable amount of Al remained after dealloying; hence, the Pd purity was reduced. In this study, we succeeded in forming a higher purity NP-Pd film faster by dealloying the nitrogen-containing Al-Pd (Al-Pd-N) film using ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic-acid (EDTA) as a chelating material.

scholarly journals Structural Analysis of Silica Extract from Banana Stems via Acid Leaching under Different Reaction Time

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5858-5862
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

Production of silica from agricultural waste such as banana stems are mainly synthesized from acid leaching treatment. Citric acid (C6H8O7 ) was used as substitute for conventional hydrochloric acid (HCL) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4 ) because it is safer and less harmful to the human health. The main parameters in leaching treatment are leaching time and acid concentration. The acid concentration used was 1.0 mol/L of citric acid (C6H8O7 ) and leaching time of 30, 60 and 90 minutes, respectively. The leaching treatment produced 47.8% to 99.9% of extracted silica. The samples of extracted silica were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

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