The Structural Formation of Cement Stone Modified by a Solution of Superabsorbent Polymer

With the development of 3D technologies in construction, the development of formulations that are indifferent to the influence of the environment is in demand. Conditions of intense water loss from cement systems arise during the layer-by-layer printing process. This leads to a decrease in density, high shrinkage, and a decrease in the strength and durability of the composite. The use of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) solutions, in contrast to granules, will provide hardening Portland cement with a water supply for internal care of hydration processes. The aim of the work is to study the effect of SAP solution on the processes of structure formation of cement stone, hardening in unfavorable conditions. In this paper, the features of the structure formation of cement systems in the presence of SAP are established. It is shown that the use of polymer in an amount of no more than 1.5% by the weight of Portland cement provides the formation of a more perfect crystalline structure of the cement stone, which allows for an increase in the degree of cement hydration. When the amount of SAP is ≥ 1.5% by the weight of Portland cement, a decrease in the intensity of the maxima corresponding to hydration products is observed.

Self-Desiccation of a Vernacular CSA Binder

The fast precipitation of ettringite in conventional Calcium Sulfo Aluminate (CSA) cement causes rapid stiffening of the cement paste and is directly associated with short setting times and self-desiccation. To extend the time during which those types of cement remain workable, retarding admixtures can be used. However, retarders may affect the amounts and types of hydration products formed and as a consequence the ability of hydrated cement to chemically bind water. This work investigates the influence of two natural-based admixtures on the self-desiccation ability of a vernacular CSA ternary binder used as earth stabilization. Vicat measurements were used to study the efficiency of citric acid and sucrose as retarding admixtures on the setting time of stabilized earth. A quantitative study of the self-desiccation ability of the binder was performed on dried binder pastes using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Results show that both admixtures have a significant impact on the setting time of the binder. Furthermore, TGA showed that the self-desiccation ability of this vernacular CSA binder is significantly reduced when citric acid at high dosages is used, both at early hydration and after 14 days. On the contrary, the use of sucrose does not affect the water chemically bound at an early age but can maximize bound water after 14 days of hydration.

Activation of Blast Furnace Slag with CFB Fly Ash as a Supplementary Binder Material: Hydration Products and Effects of Sulfate Attack

Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) combustion is a clean technology for burning, with advantages of adapting to a large variety of fuel, high combustion efficiency, lower NOx emissions, and stable operation. The residue collected from the ash-hoppers of the electrostatic precipitator of the CFB boiler is called CFB fly ash. This paper presents the hydration development on the application of CFB fly ash to activating blast furnace slag (BFS) as a supplementary binder material (SBM) for replacement of Portland cement in making concrete. Investigation of the hydration products of cement pastes prepared with combinations of BFS and CFB fly ash were conducted by means of X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, and scanning electronic microscope. Test results show that the main hydration products of the CFB fly ash-BFS blended pastes were found to be hydrated calcium silicate (C-S-H), ettringite, gypsum, and some portlandite. Considering that CFB fly ash produced from the combustion of high-sulfur coke has high SO3 contents, the volume stability of mortar made from CFB fly ash-activated BFS was subjected to tests in accordance with ASTM C1012 and ASTM C1038 for evaluating the internal and external sulfate attack, respectively. The results indicate that, due to the high sulfur (SO3) content of CFB fly ash, the expansion caused by internal sulfate attack (ISA) increased with increasing proportion of CFB fly ash in the mixture. In contrast, no significant expansion was observed in the external sulfate attack (ESA) test, regardless of the proportion of CFB fly ash in the mixture. In order for the CFB fly ash to serve as a supplementary binder material and to maintain adequate volume stability, the amount of CFB fly ash used for the activation of BFS is recommended to be no more than 20% of the SBM.

Analysis of workability, mechanical strength and durability by the FT-IR method of concrete based on silica-limestone sand preserved in aggressive environments

The interest of using combined sand of equal percentage of silica and limestone becomes evident in the formulation of compacted concrete in several previous works around the world, due to the formidable percentage of fines that improves the compactness and increases various mechanical resistances, which produces a more durable construction against different probable aggressions. This paper examines the effect of using this type of sand on workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, and splitting tensile strength. A durability test was consulted using infrared spectroscopy to assess diverse types of hydration products formed. Found results clearly show the advantages of using sand with silica and limestone grains (50/50)% in ordinary concrete infected by aggressive water. There is also an improvement in compactness, different mechanical resistances, and a reduction in the formation of harmful hydration products.

Ultrafast transfer strength of reinforced concrete sleepers by Using complex additives

The influence of superplasticizers-polycarboxylates and their complex additives withaccelerants - electrolytes and dispersion of calcium hydroxylates on the early strength of concretefor concrete of concrete sleepers has been studied. It was found that the use of superplasticizerspolycarboxylates can improve the early strength of the concrete after heat treatment, but eachadditive must be checked for consistency with the cement used. Approx Complex additives withaccelerators in conditions of natural hardening ensure an increase in the early strength of concrete,but some of them, which accelerate natural hardening, can reduce the strength after WWTP and mustbe checked before use. Electron-microscopic examinations of the structure of cement stone withadditives were carried out and it was found that the additive of only policarboxylate does not changethe structure of hydration products. Complex additives lead to formation of additional number ofcrystalline hydrates of AFm- and/or AFt-phases. The scheme of development of the cement hardeningprocess and the initial stage of cement hardening without or with additives has been developed. Bymeans of which the highest accelerating effect of the complex addition of polycarboxylate andcalcium hydroxylate dispersions was established by experimental investigations, Dispersion particlesincrease surface area where crystallization (condensation) of cement hydration products takes placeand ensures faster filling of spaces between cement particles (mineral additives) with them, fillers)with establishment of lances with electro-heterogeneous contacts. As a result of potentiodynamic andmicroscopic investigations it was established that the tested additives in the dosages do not causecorrosion effect on the steel reinforcement bars. Transmission strength values of 32 MPa for sleepersafter 24 years of hardening under low-heat regime and after 2 days of natural hardening have beenachieved. The formula for economic efficiency of using additives to reduce the energy intensity ofproduction of concrete sleepers has been proposed.

Effect of Nitrate/Bromide on the Hydration Process of Cement Paste Mixed with Alkali Free Liquid Accelerator at Low Temperature

The effects of different inorganic salt accelerators (CaBr2, NaBr, Ca(NO3)2, NaNO3) and an alkali-free liquid accelerator were researched at a low temperature of 10 °C. The results showed the effects of 1.5% NaBr and 1.5% NaNO3 inorganic accelerator were pronounced. The 1-d compressive strengths of the mortar with these two inorganic salts were increased by 185.8% and 184.2%, respectively, and the final setting times were shortened from 7.74 to 6.08 min and 6.12 min, respectively. The hydration temperatures at 10 °C were measured, and the promotion effects of the inorganic accelerators were calculated: the relationship between the hydration degree was αAS + NN > αAS + NB > αAS + CB > αAS + CN > αAS. In addition, the reaction of C3A with NaBr and NaNO3 was used to analyze the products in an ettringite phase, i.e., Ca4Al2O6Br210·H2O, 3CaOAl2O3Ca(NO3)2X·H2O. The formation of these phases was detected in the hydration products of the cement paste hydration for 12 h, 24 h, and 28 d. Combined with the mass loss of the ettringite phase at 90–120 °C, determined using TG/DTG, the synergetic acceleration mechanism of the inorganic accelerators was comprehensively inferred.

Polyvinyl-Alcohol-Modified Calcium Sulphoaluminate Cement Repair Mortar: Hydration and Properties

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and calcium sulphoaluminate (CSA) cement were used to prepare repair mortar for the restoration of the walls of a building built with bricks. The preparation, hydration, and properties of the PVA-modified CSA cement repair mortar were studied. Besides this, the mechanism by which PVA improves the bonding strength is also discussed. The results demonstrate that PVA prolongs the setting time of CSA cement, which is ascribed to PVA inhibiting the dissolution of C4A3$ (4CaO·3Al2O3·SO3) and the precipitation of AFt (3CaO·Al2O3·3CaSO4·26H2O) within the hydration age of 0~60 min. PVA lowers the mechanical strength of CSA cement repair mortar at the hydration age of 6 h. After 6 h, the mechanical strength is improved. PVA could also improve the bonding strength between CSA repair mortar and bricks. This is mainly ascribed to the Al ions in both the hydration products of CSA cement and the clay bricks reacting with the hydroxyl group of PVA and forming the chemical bond C-O-Al. Therefore, a tighter combination between CSA cement repair mortar and the clay bricks forms, thereby improving the bonding strength.

X-ray diffraction of concrete composites of high structural strength and density

Аn analysis of the structure formation of concrete composites, compressive strength of which exceeds 120 MPa and a quantitative analysis of their qualitative composition and hydration products by X-ray diffraction, x-ray spectral analysis. The main factors affecting the physicomechanical parameters of the complex of various nanofillers and the formation of a denser cement stone structure, which mainly includes calcium hydrosilicates, calcium silicate hydroaluminates and hydroaluminates of various basicity, are studied.