The Effect of Particle Size of Palm Kernel Shell on the Mechanical Properties and Physical Properties of Filled Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 1599-1607
Author(s):  
Khaliesah Abbas ◽  
Ahmad Muizz Mohamed Ghazali ◽  
Siew Kooi Ong
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

scholarly journals Studies on the Physicochemical and Physico-Mechanical Properties of Activated Palm Kernel Shell blended with Carbon Black filled NR Vulcanizates

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dosu Malomo ◽  
Abdulhakeem D Olasupo ◽  
Abayomi M Adesigbin ◽  
Owen Egharevba ◽  
Sulaiman O Adewuyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Young Modulus ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

Palm kernel shell was activated using chemical activation of H3PO4 and KOH. Various amounts of activated palm kernel shell (APKS) couple with carbon black (CB) and other conventional ingredients were used to produce natural rubber vulcanizates (NR vulcanizates). The NR vulcanizates were compounded on a two-row mill and tested for its physico-mechanical properties. The results for characterization of physicochemical properties carried out on APKS  were ash content (2.06%), moisture content (8.06%), %carbon (54.41%), particle size (4.00, 3.35, 2.00, 1.18mm), bulk density (0.62g/ml) and pH (5.3).The results show significant values for all, the moisture and ash content were within the recommended standard of ASTM (3-10max) and (< or =8) respectively. The filler loading concentrations CB/APKS were labeled as mixes 1 to 7. The composition of CB/APKS filler loading ratios were 30:0, 25:5, 20:10, 15:15, 10:20, 5:25, and 0:30 samples 1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 respectively. Results obtained showed that CB/APKS filled vulcanizates exhibited improvement in the physico-mechanical properties investigated. The results obtained for CB/APKS across the samples filler loading shows that CB composition possess higher UTS, EB and rubber fatigue test while APKS filler loading composition exhibited higher hardness and young modulus. Abrasion resistance was excellent for both CB and APKS filler loading composition.Keywords: Activated Palm Kernel Shell, filler, carbon black, Chemical Activation, Natural Rubber.

scholarly journals Physical and Thermal Properties of Briquettes from Empty Fruit Bunches and Palm Kernel Shell by Mixing Tapioca Flour and Molasses

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-176
Author(s):  
Tintan Rostina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size ◽  
Tapioca Flour

West Java has the potential of palm oil wastes such as empty fruit bunches (EFB) and palm kernel shell (PKS) that can be used for fabrication of briquettes as raw materials. Briquette as a solid fuel and as a substitute for fossil fuel must have a good quality to be accepted in the market, such as having a good thermal and good physical properties. This research, reviewing the effect of particle size parameter and the effect of adding adhesive on briquette to heating value, thermal properties and physical properties. Briquettes were determined by using varying EFB and PKS biomass ratios of 50:50 and by adding 7% adhesive from tapioca flour or molasses of the total mass of the briquette. Particle size variations are set for 20 mesh and 40 mesh. The best heating value was found at 5,898 cal/g in the sample briquette by using 40 mesh particle and tapioca flour adhesive. The thermal properties test shown the combustion rate of 0.34 g/minutes and combustion lenght of 111 minutes found in 40 mesh briquette sample by using tapioca flour adhesive. The physical properties test shown the best density value of 0.215 g/cm3 and shattering resistance of 66,23% found in the 40 mesh briquette sample by using tapioca flour adhesive. The best durable value found in sample briquette with 20 mesh particle with tapioca flour adhesive which is 54.35%. The result was indicated that briquette with 40 mesh particle size and tapioca flour adhesive gives the best result of heating value, thermal properties and physical properties

Effect of Particle Size on the Physical Properties of Activated Palm Kernel Shell for Supercapacitor Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 833 ◽  
pp. 129-133
Author(s):  
Ridwan Tobi Ayinla ◽  
John Ojur Dennis ◽  
Hasnah Bt Moh’d Zaid ◽  
Fahad Usman ◽  
Asfand Yar
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Energy Storage Devices ◽  
Supercapacitor Application ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Carbon Production ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size

The advantages of palm kernel shell (PKS) as a renewable and sustainable material for activated carbon production have been explored for various applications such as water treatment, pollutant, pesticide, and heavy metal adsorption. However, the full promises of this material for energy storage devices have not been duly studied. In this research, PKS is physically activated and the effect of particle size on the physical characteristics of the activated char was investigated. Pellet (3 mm), granules (0.4 mm), and powder (0.0075 mm) are the sizes considered in the experiment. The surface morphology, surface area, porosity and functional group at different sized was analyzed. Finally, a suitable particle size was recommended for the electrode material of supercapacitor based on the physical characteristics of the activated carbon.

Effect of particle size of leather wastes on the processing, vulcanization, and physico-mechanical properties of natural rubber/leather wastes composites

2021 ◽  
pp. 002199832110476
Author(s):  
William Urrego Yepes ◽  
Natalia Cardona ◽  
Sandra M Velasquez ◽  
Diego H Giraldo Vásquez ◽  
Juan C Posada
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Leather Wastes ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size

In this work, the effect of particle size and the content of leather wastes on the processability, vulcanization, and mechanical properties of a natural rubber/leather wastes composites was studied. From a reduction process, leather waste was later sieved to classify particles smaller than 0.6 mm and particles between 0.84 and 2 mm, hereafter called fine and coarse residues, respectively. The morphology of the wastes was analyzed from scanning electron microscopy micrographs. Natural rubber/leather wastes composites with 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 phr (parts per 100 parts of rubber) of treated leather wastes were obtained in a torque rheometer. Mixtures with coarse wastes exhibited a slightly higher torque than mixtures with the fine wastes; additionally, increasing the wastes content yields in an increased torque during the final stage of the process. The addition of leather wastes increased the vulcanization time and stiffness of the composites; additionally, materials with fine wastes showed lower vulcanization times compared to materials with coarse wastes. Composites with fine leather wastes exhibited higher density and tensile modulus than materials with coarse wastes; however, only the composites with 80 and 100 phr of wastes showed a statistically significant difference in hardness values. The specific energy consumption (SEC) was calculated from the results obtained with the torque rheometer; it was found that for all the formulations the SEC decreased as the phr of leather residues increased. It was found that it is possible to use leather wastes in natural rubber composites, to obtain adequate materials feasible for some applications.

The Effect of Mixing Coal with Biomass in Solid Fuel Briquettes

2013 ◽  
Vol 856 ◽  
pp. 338-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chin Yee Sing ◽  
Mohd Shiraz Aris
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Biomass Fuel ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell

Burning fossil fuel like coal in power plants released carbon dioxide that had been absorbed millions of years ago. Unfortunately, excessive carbon dioxide emission had led to global warming. Malaysia, as one of the major exporters of palm oil, has abundant oil palm mill residues that could be converted into value-added product like biomass fuel briquettes. Fuel briquette with palm kernel shell and palm mesocarp fibre as its main ingredients showed satisfactory fuel characteristics and mechanical properties as a pure biomass fuel briquette. The effects of adding some coal of higher calorific value to the satisfactory biomass fuel briquette were focused in this study. Various coal-biomass fuel blends were used, ranging from 0wt% coal to 50wt% coal. The fuel properties and mechanical properties of pure biomass briquette and briquettes with different amount of coal added were compared experimentally. From the fuel properties tests, it was found that as the coal content in the briquette was increased, the carbon content and calorific value increased. Mechanical property tests on the fuel briquettes showed a mixture of results, with some favored higher portion of coal in the briquette for better handling, transport and storage properties while some favored greater amount of biomass.

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