Influence of Palm Kernel Shell Particle Size on Fade and Recovery Behaviour of Non-asbestos Organic Friction Material

The advantages of palm kernel shell (PKS) as a renewable and sustainable material for activated carbon production have been explored for various applications such as water treatment, pollutant, pesticide, and heavy metal adsorption. However, the full promises of this material for energy storage devices have not been duly studied. In this research, PKS is physically activated and the effect of particle size on the physical characteristics of the activated char was investigated. Pellet (3 mm), granules (0.4 mm), and powder (0.0075 mm) are the sizes considered in the experiment. The surface morphology, surface area, porosity and functional group at different sized was analyzed. Finally, a suitable particle size was recommended for the electrode material of supercapacitor based on the physical characteristics of the activated carbon.

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Development of a Composite Material from Agro Waste for Wear Resistance Application

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.773-774.319 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 773-774 ◽

pp. 319-324 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dareddy Ramana Reddy ◽

Banoth Balunaik

Keyword(s):

Functional Performance ◽

Technological Development ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Stopping Time ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Friction Material ◽

Wear Properties ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Brake Pads ◽

Physical And Chemical

The Friction lining is an essential part of braking system. Friction materials have their significant role for transmission in various machines. Their composition keeps on changing to keep pace with technological development and environmental requirements. Earlier asbestos has been used as a friction material because of its good physical and chemical properties. But later researchers eyed that there are many health hazards associated with asbestos handling. The average disk temperature and average stopping time for pass is increased and it has poor dimensional stability. Hence it has lost favor and several alternative materials are being replaced these days. In this work a non-asbestos bio-friction material is enlighten which is developed using an Agro-waste material palm kernel shell (PKS) along with other Ingredients. Among the agro-waste shells investigated the PKS exhibited more favorable properties. The developed friction material is used to produce automobile disk brake pads. The developed brake pads were tested for functional performance on a specially designed experimental test rig. Physical properties of this new material along with wear properties have been determined and reported in this paper. When compared with premium asbestos based commercial brake pad PKS pads were found to have performed satisfactorily in terms of amount of wear and stopping time.

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Combustion of palm kernel shell in a fluidized bed: Optimization of biomass particle size and operating conditions

Energy Conversion and Management ◽

10.1016/j.enconman.2014.01.054 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 85 ◽

pp. 800-808 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Pichet Ninduangdee ◽

Vladimir I. Kuprianov

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Fluidized Bed ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Biomass Particle Size

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The Effect of Particle Size of Palm Kernel Shell on the Mechanical Properties and Physical Properties of Filled Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

Materials Today Proceedings ◽

10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.188 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

pp. 1599-1607

Author(s):

Khaliesah Abbas ◽

Ahmad Muizz Mohamed Ghazali ◽

Siew Kooi Ong

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Particle Size ◽

Natural Rubber ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Effect Of Particle Size ◽

Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

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Effects of Carburization with Palm Kernel Shell/Coconut Shell Mixture on the Tensile Properties and Case Hardness of Low Carbon Steel

FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology ◽

10.46792/fuoyejet.v2i1.83 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Reginald Umunakwe ◽

Obinna C Okoye ◽

Chioma I Madueke ◽

Daniel O Komolafe

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Particle Size ◽

Calcium Carbonate ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Coconut Shell ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Palm Kernel Shell

The effect of using mixtures of palm kernel shell and coconut shell as carburizers for low carbon steel at 950oC on the tensile properties and case hardness was studied. The carburizers were washed, dried, milled and sieved to 150µm particle size. They were mixed in various compositions to serve as carburizers. In each composition, 20wt% of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was added as energizer. Tensile and hardness specimens were machined from low carbon steel. Seven tensile and seven hardness specimens were subjected to pack carburization process with different compositions of the carburizers, and thereafter quenched and tempered at 450oC for forty five minutes in a heat treatment furnace. The tensile and hardness properties show that better properties were obtained with mixtures of the carburizers compared to the use of single carburizing agent.

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Effect of Particle Size and Temperature on Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shell

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.22339 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4.35) ◽

pp. 118

Author(s):

Khairunnisa Kamarul Zaman ◽

Vekes Balasundram ◽

Norazana Ibrahim ◽

Mohammad Dinie Muhaimin Samsudin ◽

Rafiziana Md. Kasmani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Thermal Behaviour ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Ash Content ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Pyrolysis Oil ◽

Biomass Ash ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Biomass Particle Size

Pyrolysis is a viable solution to curb the issue of growing lignocellulosic waste in the world through conversion to potential biofuel and bio-based chemicals. This study focused on the effect of biomass particle size on the feedstock characterisation, biomass ash content, thermal behaviour and pyrolysis products yield. The particle size ranges studied were <0.355, 0.355 to 0.710. 0.710 to 1.00 and 1.00 to 2.00 mm. Thermal behaviour was analysed using thermogravimetric analyser, and pyrolysis experiments were conducted in a fixed-bed pyrolyzer. TGA results show smaller particle size maximum temperature shifted to a lower temperature. From ashing, the results indicated that ash content is the highest at the smallest particle size, <0.355mm (2.8 wt.%). The gaseous yield was the highest in dpA (<0.355 mm) at a temperature of 600°C. The highest pyrolysis oil yield (50.1 wt.%) occurred at 400°C from dpA (<0.355mm). The highest char yield (33.70 wt.%) occurred at 400°C obtained from the largest particle size, dpD (1-2mm).

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Tensile and compressive strength of palm kernel shell particle reinforced polyester composites

Materials Research Express ◽

10.1088/2053-1591/ab4afa ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (11) ◽

pp. 115335

Author(s):

I C Ezema Ike-Eze ◽

U O Uyor ◽

V S Aigbodion ◽

A D Omah ◽

S N Ude ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Shell Particle ◽

Polyester Composites

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Physical and Thermal Properties of Briquettes from Empty Fruit Bunches and Palm Kernel Shell by Mixing Tapioca Flour and Molasses

Jurnal Ilmu dan Inovasi Fisika ◽

10.24198/jiif.v5i2.35014 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 170-176

Author(s):

Tintan Rostina ◽

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Thermal Properties ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Heating Value ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Effect Of Particle Size ◽

Tapioca Flour

West Java has the potential of palm oil wastes such as empty fruit bunches (EFB) and palm kernel shell (PKS) that can be used for fabrication of briquettes as raw materials. Briquette as a solid fuel and as a substitute for fossil fuel must have a good quality to be accepted in the market, such as having a good thermal and good physical properties. This research, reviewing the effect of particle size parameter and the effect of adding adhesive on briquette to heating value, thermal properties and physical properties. Briquettes were determined by using varying EFB and PKS biomass ratios of 50:50 and by adding 7% adhesive from tapioca flour or molasses of the total mass of the briquette. Particle size variations are set for 20 mesh and 40 mesh. The best heating value was found at 5,898 cal/g in the sample briquette by using 40 mesh particle and tapioca flour adhesive. The thermal properties test shown the combustion rate of 0.34 g/minutes and combustion lenght of 111 minutes found in 40 mesh briquette sample by using tapioca flour adhesive. The physical properties test shown the best density value of 0.215 g/cm3 and shattering resistance of 66,23% found in the 40 mesh briquette sample by using tapioca flour adhesive. The best durable value found in sample briquette with 20 mesh particle with tapioca flour adhesive which is 54.35%. The result was indicated that briquette with 40 mesh particle size and tapioca flour adhesive gives the best result of heating value, thermal properties and physical properties

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Properties Tuning of Palm Kernel Shell Biochar Granular Activated Carbon Using Response Surface Methodology for Removal of Methylene Blue

Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering ◽

10.33736/jaspe.3961.2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 1002-1019

Author(s):

S M Anisuzzaman ◽

Nirwana Sinring ◽

Rachel Fran Mansa

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Particle Size ◽

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Dye Removal ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Ash Content ◽

Activation Temperature ◽

Palm Kernel Shell

This study aimed to produce palm kernel shell granular activated carbon (PKSGAC) from slow vacuum pyrolysed PKS biochar (PKSB) via chemical activation using a horizontal tubular split zone furnace. The study also investigated the effects of varying parameters of the PKSGAC on its colour removal ability. The PKSB was activated through chemical activation using potassium hydroxide (KOH) at various parameters such as activation temperature (700oC to 850oC), KOH concentration (50 % w/v to 100 % w/v) and particle size of PKSB (0.4 mm to 2.5 mm). The novelty of this work lies in the study of chemical activation on various particle size ranges using response surface methodology (RSM) to model the relationships between various parameters. The PKSB was characterized to determine its thermal condition, and the PKSGAC was characterized to determine the iodine number, bulk density, ash content, moisture content, surface area and morphology structure. The parameters that were used for each sample were determined by using the RSM based on central composite design (CCD). In this study, design expert version 11.0 software was used and three parameters as independent variables were manipulated. Finally, three different PKSGAC samples of different particle sizes were used to test for the methylene blue (MB) dye removal with the concentration of 5 mg/l, 10 mg/l, 15 mg/l and 20 mg/l. Thermal analysis showed that the total weight loss of the PKSB sample was 58.30% and for PKSGAC the range of the product yield as shown from the RSM was from 33.23% to 96.33%. The RSM also showed that the values for moisture content were in a range from 0% - 39%, as for the ash content value from 2% - 12%, while for the bulk density ranged from 0.17 g/cm3 - 0.50 g/cm3. The highest iodine value achieved was 1320 mg/g at activation temperature of 850oC, KOH concentration of 50% w/v and particle size of 0.4 mm. From the RSM, an iodine number of 1100 mg/g could be obtained using an activation temperature of 850oC, the KOH concentration of 69.22% w/v and the particle size of 0.59 mm. From the BET analysis, the PKSGAC sample obtained 581 m2/g for SBET and 0.3173 cm3/g for the Vtot. The highest percentage dye removal of MB dye was 89.61% to 97.63% at 775oC activation temperature, 75% w/v KOH concentration and 0.4 mm particle size. This work produced RSM models to predict the relationships between the parameters and the response, as well as the performance on MB dye removal.

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