scholarly journals Repurposing antiviral drugs on recently emerged viral infections: A review article

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Swathi ◽  
B .Nikitha ◽  
B. Chandrakala ◽  
K. Lakshmanadevi ◽  
M. Malleswari
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Review Article

Nucleosides and Nucleoside Analogues as Emerging Antiviral Drugs

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ibrahim Elzagheid
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Nucleoside Analogues ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nucleoside Drugs

: Nucleosides and their analogues have been in use for many years and have become essential for treating patients with viral infections. Many additional nucleoside drugs have been approved over the past decades. This strongly demonstrates how important these compounds are and the crucial role they play. Given that a significant amount of research and literature has been documented regarding nucleoside analogues, this review article mainly focuses the discussion on nucleosides and nucleoside analogous that have proven to play significant role or be emerging in the treatment of known viral infections. This covers the names, structures, applications, toxicity, and mode of action of relevant nucleoside analogues.

scholarly journals A perspective review of deadly viral diseases: An era of viruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1038
Author(s):  
Abhishek Sharma ◽  
Sarita J. Bhyan ◽  
Abdul Malik
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Scarcity Of Resources

This review article overviewed briefly about the era of deadly viruses. Humans have been combating viruses since before our species had even evolved into its recent form. In some cases of viral infections, vaccines and antiviral drugs have allowed us to treat infections from spreading broadly, and have facilitated to patient recover. But it is far from over to fight the viruses. In recent decades, a number of viruses have sprung from animals to humans and have caused massive outbreaks, claiming thousands of lives such as the virus that led to the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa kills up to 90% of the population, making it the deadliest member of the Ebola family. But there are some viruses that are equally deadly, and some are even more deadly. Some viruses, including the novel coronavirus currently undergoing global outbreaks, have a low mortality rate but still pose a serious health risk as we have no means of access to the health facilities and scarcity of resources and infrastructure. Here we are reporting such type of ten deadly viruses. those have infected humans within last 50 years.

scholarly journals Antimalarial drugs—are they beneficial in rheumatic and viral diseases?—considerations in COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogna Grygiel-Górniak
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Cardiac Complications

AbstractThe majority of the medical fraternity is continuously involved in finding new therapeutic schemes, including antimalarial medications (AMDs), which can be useful in combating the 2019-nCoV: coronavirus disease (COVID-19). For many decades, AMDs have been widely used in the treatment of malaria and various other anti-inflammatory diseases, particularly to treat autoimmune disorders of the connective tissue. The review comprises in vitro and in vivo studies, original studies, clinical trials, and consensus reports for the analysis, which were available in medical databases (e.g., PubMed). This manuscript summarizes the current knowledge about chloroquine (CQ)/hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and shows the difference between their use, activity, recommendation, doses, and adverse effects on two groups of patients: those with rheumatic and viral diseases (including COVID-19). In the case of connective tissue disorders, AMDs are prescribed for a prolonged duration in small doses, and their effect is observed after few weeks, whereas in the case of viral infections, they are prescribed in larger doses for a short duration to achieve a quick saturation effect. In rheumatic diseases, AMDs are well tolerated, and their side effects are rare. However, in some viral diseases, the effect of AMDs is questionable or not so noticeable as suggested during the initial prognosis. They are mainly used as an additive therapy to antiviral drugs, but recent studies have shown that AMDs can diminish the efficacy of some antiviral drugs and may cause respiratory, kidney, liver, and cardiac complications.

scholarly journals Trends and strategies to combat viral infections: A review on FDA approved antiviral drugs

2021 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 524-541
Author(s):  
Dharma Rao Tompa ◽  
Aruldoss Immanuel ◽  
Srimari Srikanth ◽  
Saraboji Kadhirvel
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Drugs

Clinical use of Antiviral Drugs

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 399-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milap C. Nahata
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Investigational Drug ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Herpes Encephalitis ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Remarkable progress has been made in antiviral chemotherapy. Six approved antiviral drugs are now available for the treatment of various viral infections. Trifluridine, idoxuridine and vidarabine are all effective in patients with herpes keratitis; trifluridine is preferred due to its low toxicity. Acyclovir is the drug of choice in patients with infections due to herpes simplex viruses, including genital herpes, herpes encephalitis, and neonatal herpes, and infections due to varicella-zoster virus. Amantadine is the only drug currently available for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza A, but an investigational drug, rimantadine, appears to be equally effective and less toxic than amantadine. Ribavirin is the most recently approved antiviral agent for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infections. Numerous antiviral drugs are being studied in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Although currently available drugs have improved our ability to manage a variety of viral illnesses, much needs to be learned about specific dosage guidelines based on the studies of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, potential adverse effects and viral resistance, and the role of combination therapy to optimize therapy.

scholarly journals Antiviral Potential of Nanoparticles—Can Nanoparticles Fight Against Coronaviruses?

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangiliyandi Gurunathan ◽  
Muhammad Qasim ◽  
Youngsok Choi ◽  
Jeong Tae Do ◽  
Chankyu Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Organic Nanoparticles ◽  
Antiviral Therapies ◽  
Low Probability

Infectious diseases account for more than 20% of global mortality and viruses are responsible for about one-third of these deaths. Highly infectious viral diseases such as severe acute respiratory (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) are emerging more frequently and their worldwide spread poses a serious threat to human health and the global economy. The current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of 27 July 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has infected over 16 million people and led to the death of more than 652,434 individuals as on 27 July 2020 while also causing significant economic losses. To date, there are no vaccines or specific antiviral drugs to prevent or treat COVID-19. Hence, it is necessary to accelerate the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines to help mitigate this pandemic. Non-Conventional antiviral agents must also be considered and exploited. In this regard, nanoparticles can be used as antiviral agents for the treatment of various viral infections. The use of nanoparticles provides an interesting opportunity for the development of novel antiviral therapies with a low probability of developing drug resistance compared to conventional chemical-based antiviral therapies. In this review, we first discuss viral mechanisms of entry into host cells and then we detail the major and important types of nanomaterials that could be used as antiviral agents. These nanomaterials include silver, gold, quantum dots, organic nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers and polymers. Further, we consider antiviral mechanisms, the effects of nanoparticles on coronaviruses and therapeutic approaches of nanoparticles. Finally, we provide our perspective on the future of nanoparticles in the fight against viral infections.

scholarly journals Study of effectiveness of antiviral drugs (umifenovir, triazavirin) against acute respiratory viral infections

2018 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
E P Tikhonova ◽  
T Yu Kuz'mina ◽  
N V Andronova ◽  
O A Tyushevskaya ◽  
T A Elistratova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Therapy ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Adaptive Reactions

Aim. Comparative study of clinical efficacy and safety of antiviral drug triazavirin and umifenovir in the treatment of patients with acute respiratory viral infections and influenza. Methods. The study included 100 patients aged 18 to 65 years diagnosed with moderate acute respiratory viral infection. Group 1 included 34 patients receiving umifenovir 200 mg 4 times a day for 5 days, and comparison group included 32 patients who received triazavirin 1 capsule (250 mg) 3 times a day for 5 days. Group 3 (control group) included 34 patients not treated with antiviral therapy. Efficacy and safety of the studied antiviral drugs were evaluated based on clinical symptoms in the disease course and were confirmed by adaptive reactions of the organism. Results. Among patients receiving triazavirin, recovery time and fever, headache and catarrhal syndrome resolution time were less than among patients who received umifenovir. On triazavirin treatment with favorable tolerability, symptomatic medications (antipyretics) were discontinued, and the duration of their use was less, than in patients receiving umifenovir. Evaluation of clinical efficacy of umifenovir and triazavirin for the treatment of acute respiratory viral infections and influenza demonstrated that the drugs effectively reverse the main symptoms of the disease (p <0.05), reduce complications incidence (18.1±2.1% vs. 55.9±3.2%, p <0.05) and contribute to the stabilization of adaptive reactions of the organism in contrast to the results of patients not receiving etiotropic therapy (6.9±2.9% vs. 12.8±2.7, p <0.05). During the use of umifenovir by day 4 and during the use of triazavirin by day 3 intoxication and catarrhal syndromes had been reversed, while in case of the absence of antiviral therapy, 55.8% of patients had continuing intoxication and catarrhal symptoms. Conclusion. The results of the study allow defining umifenovir and triazavirin as the first line of defense against acute respiratory viral infections with good efficacy and tolerability of the drugs.

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