Towards a unifying theory of late stochastic effects of ionizing radiation

The article discusses the need to make changes to the regulatory documents that classify harmful and (or) dangerous production factors that stimulate and regulate the work of workers under the influence of ionizing radiation based on the concept of a linear dependence of the risk of stochastic effects on the received dose.

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Stochastic Effects — Genetic Effects of Ionizing Radiation

Radiation Biophysics ◽

10.1016/b978-012053085-4/50015-6 ◽

1998 ◽

pp. 344-364

Author(s):

Edward L. Alpen

Keyword(s):

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Genetic Effects ◽

Stochastic Effects

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Pentingnya Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Bagi Pekerja Radiasi

10.53862/ssi.v1.062021.005 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

R Prahardi ◽

◽

Arundito Widikusumo

Keyword(s):

Dna Damage ◽

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Radiation Protection ◽

Human Error ◽

The United States ◽

Education And Training ◽

Work Behavior ◽

Radiation Hazard ◽

Stochastic Effects ◽

And Training

Ionizing radiation, when it hits our bodies, can ionize and excite the atomic nuclei of cells. Ionization and excitation will cause DNA damage either directly or indirectly. DNA damage is direct if ionizing radiation hits DNA, while DNA damage is indirectly through the formation of free radicals (atoms with unpaired electrons) and has a very damaging effect on DNA. Therefore, safety in ionizing radiation, including its use in the medical world, is essential. Protection includes safety avoiding deterministic effects and stochastic effects. To protect against both deterministic and stochastic effects, the role of the radiographer is significant. Heinrich (1980) estimates that (85%) accidents are the result of the contribution of unsafe work behavior (unsafe act). Radiation accidents reported by the United States Energy Atomic Commission from 1960-1968 were caused by operator error (68%), procedural errors (8%), equipment damage (15%), and others (9%). When viewed in detail, the operator's errors were not conducting a radiation survey (46%), not following procedures (36%), not using protective equipment (6%), human error (6%), and calculating radiation exposure errors (6%). Therefore, the radiographer must know and understand ionizing radiation, its dangers, and the application of radiation protection from the results of a survey conducted at Prof. Hospital. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto to 22 radiographers showed that the level of understanding of ionizing radiation, the dangers, and the application of radiation protection is still low. Therefore education and training are very much needed for them. Keywords: Radiation Hazard, Radiation Protection, Radiographer Education and Training

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Radiation Safety

Interventional Radiology ◽

10.1093/med/9780190276249.003.0006 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 53-63

Author(s):

Raymond H. Thornton

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Radiation Dosage ◽

Radiation Safety ◽

Joint Commission ◽

Medical Procedures ◽

Stochastic Effects ◽

Effects Of Radiation ◽

The Joint Commission

Resist the temptation to gloss over this chapter—it discusses the risks and safest uses of ionizing radiation utilized by interventional radiologists during medical procedures every day. The metrics used to measure and report fluoroscopic and computed tomography (CT) doses to patients (information required to be reported by the Joint Commission) are discussed. Detrimental effects of radiation, including stochastic effects (i.e., adverse effects that may occur at any dose) and deterministic effects (which occur when a threshold has been exceeded), are reviewed, as are the data that the risk of stochastic effects is based upon. Finally, techniques that operators should practice during every procedure to minimize radiation dosage, summarized by the acronym I SAVE DOSE, are introduced and presented in detail.

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Zero Dose

10.53862/ssi.v1.062021.008 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

R Prahardi ◽

◽

Arundito Widikusumo

Keyword(s):

Dna Damage ◽

Radiation Dose ◽

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Gene Mutation ◽

Direct Effect ◽

Indirect Effect ◽

Bystander Effect ◽

Stochastic Effects ◽

Stochastic Effect ◽

Diagnosis And Therapy

Ionizing radiation in the medical world has long been used, both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. But the use of ionizing radiation, besides helping a lot in diagnosis and therapy, ionizing radiation is also hazardous for us. The effects of ionizing radiation on humans are divided into two types, namely stochastic effects, and non-stochastic (deterministic) effects. Of the two kinds of effects caused by ionizing radiation, the stochastic effect needs special attention. Because the dose-limiting parameter does not exist, how much radiation dose can cause the stochastic effect. We only have the principle that no matter how small the radiation that hits us, it will still impact us. The mechanism for this effect is either a direct effect or an indirect effect, or a newly discovered effect, namely the bystander effect, all of which lead to DNA damage. This DNA damage will cause various kinds of health problems for us. Keywords: Stochastic Effect, DNA Damage. Gene Mutation, Bystander Effect

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Environmental radiation

10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0340 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Mark P. Little

Keyword(s):

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Tissue Reaction ◽

High Dose ◽

Radiological Protection ◽

X Rays ◽

Environmental Radiation ◽

Stochastic Effects ◽

X Ray ◽

Exposed Population ◽

Genetic Risks

Risks associated with ionizing radiation have been known for almost as long as ionizing radiation itself. Within a year of the discovery of X-rays by Röntgen, skin burns had been reported and, within 7 years, a case of skin cancer was observed, all associated with high-dose X-ray exposure. In general, the risks associated with ionizing radiation can be divided into what have been termed (by the International Commission on Radiological Protection) stochastic effects (e.g. genetic risks in offspring, and somatic effects (cancer) in the directly exposed population), and deterministic, or tissue-reaction, effects. Deterministic effects are typically associated with high-dose exposures, and will not be considered further here.

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Radiation-induced surface decomposition

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100075592 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 368-369

Author(s):

M. L. Knotek

Keyword(s):

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Atomic Structure ◽

Chemical Bonding ◽

Neutral Species ◽

Radiation Induced ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Surface Decomposition ◽

The Relationship ◽

Electron And Photon ◽

Surface Bond

Modern surface analysis is based largely upon the use of ionizing radiation to probe the electronic and atomic structure of the surfaces physical and chemical makeup. In many of these studies the ionizing radiation used as the primary probe is found to induce changes in the structure and makeup of the surface, especially when electrons are employed. A number of techniques employ the phenomenon of radiation induced desorption as a means of probing the nature of the surface bond. These include Electron- and Photon-Stimulated Desorption (ESD and PSD) which measure desorbed ionic and neutral species as they leave the surface after the surface has been excited by some incident ionizing particle. There has recently been a great deal of activity in determining the relationship between the nature of chemical bonding and its susceptibility to radiation damage.

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