Environmental radiation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark P. Little
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Tissue Reaction ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Environmental Radiation ◽  
Stochastic Effects ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Exposed Population ◽  
Genetic Risks

Risks associated with ionizing radiation have been known for almost as long as ionizing radiation itself. Within a year of the discovery of X-rays by Röntgen, skin burns had been reported and, within 7 years, a case of skin cancer was observed, all associated with high-dose X-ray exposure. In general, the risks associated with ionizing radiation can be divided into what have been termed (by the International Commission on Radiological Protection) stochastic effects (e.g. genetic risks in offspring, and somatic effects (cancer) in the directly exposed population), and deterministic, or tissue-reaction, effects. Deterministic effects are typically associated with high-dose exposures, and will not be considered further here.

Requesting physicians’ knowledge of X-radiation exposure from computed tomography scan examinations: A case study of two Nigerian tertiary hospitals

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 36-39
Author(s):  
Samson O. Paulinus ◽  
Benjamin E. Udoh ◽  
Bassey E. Archibong ◽  
Akpama E. Egong ◽  
Akwa E. Erim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tertiary Hospitals ◽  
Medical Exposure

Objective: Physicians who often request for computed tomography (CT) scan examinations are expected to have sound knowledge of radiation exposure (risks) to patients in line with the basic radiation protection principles according to the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), the Protection of Persons Undergoing Medical Exposure or Treatment (POPUMET), and the Ionizing Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations (IR(ME)R). The aim is to assess the level of requesting physicians’ knowledge of ionizing radiation from CT scan examinations in two Nigerian tertiary hospitals. Materials and Methods: An 18-item-based questionnaire was distributed to 141 practicing medical doctors, excluding radiologists with work experience from 0 to >16 years in two major teaching hospitals in Nigeria with a return rate of 69%, using a voluntary sampling technique. Results: The results showed that 25% of the respondents identified CT thorax, abdomen, and pelvis examination as having the highest radiation risk, while 22% said that it was a conventional chest X-ray. Furthermore, 14% concluded that CT head had the highest risk while 9% gave their answer to be conventional abdominal X-ray. In addition, 17% inferred that magnetic resonance imaging had the highest radiation risk while 11% had no idea. Furthermore, 25.5% of the respondents have had training on ionizing radiation from CT scan examinations while 74.5% had no training. Majority (90%) of the respondents were not aware of the ICRP guidelines for requesting investigations with very little (<3%) or no knowledge (0%) on the POPUMET and the IR(ME)R respectively. Conclusion: There is low level of knowledge of ionizing radiation from CT scan examinations among requesting physicians in the study locations.

scholarly journals The effect of low LET (Linear Energy Transfer) ionizing radiation to catalase activity of wistar’s submandibular gland

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Nevy T. Putri ◽  
Sarianoferni Sarianoferni ◽  
Endah Wahjuningsih
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Submandibular Gland ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Catalase Activity ◽  
Linear Energy Transfer ◽  
Submandibular Salivary Gland ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Bonferroni Test

Intraoral periapical radiograph examination is the additional examination which is the most widely used in Dentistry. This radiograph examination using an x-ray ionizing radiation with low LET (Linear Energy Transfer), and may affect submandibular salivary gland. Ionizing radiation exposure can cause damage by inducing a series of changes at the molecular and cellular level. This study aimed to prove the effects of x-ray ionizing radiation with low LET towards the catalase activity of Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar’s submandibular gland. The subjects were 28 male Wistar rats and divided into 4 groups (n=7). Three groups were exposed 4, 8 and 14 times to radiation with 0.002 µSv for each exposure. The catalase activity of each rat was examined by a spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test. The results showed the average of catalase activity on Wistar rat’s submandibular gland, respectively for: 0.150±0.0895 (KK), 0.1405±0.0607 (K1), 0.1228±0.0290 (K2), 0.1227±0.0556 (K3). Data showed significant differences of catalase activity between test groups, but showed not significant differences of catalase activity between each groups of Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar’s submandibular gland. In this study concluded decreased catalase activity of Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar’s submandibular gland resulting from x-rays ionizing radiation by 4 times, 8 times and 14 times exposures.

scholarly journals Evaluation the Safety and Security Procedures used In X-ray Clinics in Al-Harthiya-Baghdad

2021 ◽  
Vol 2114 (1) ◽  
pp. 012009
Author(s):  
Thuraya A. Abdul Hussian ◽  
Anwar kh. Farman
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Beta Particles ◽  
Medical Clinics ◽  
Γ Rays ◽  
Health Laws ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Α Particles ◽  
Security Procedures

Abstract Radiation is a form of energy, its emitted either in the form of particles such as α-particles and β-particles (beta particles including the electron and the positron) or waves such as sunlight, X-rays and γ-rays. Radiation found everywhere around us and it comes from many different sources naturally or man-made sources. In this study a questionnaire was distributed to people working in the field of X-rays that used for a medical imaging (X-ray and CT-scan) to evaluate the extent of awareness and knowledge in estimate the damage of ionizing radiation as a result of wrong use. The questionnaire was distributed to medical clinics in Al-Harithiya in Baghdad, which it’s considered as one of the important areas in Iraq to attract and treat patients. It’s found that most of the commitment of radiography clinics by safety and security procedures. Most of the radiology clinics abide by most of the Iraqi Ministry of Health laws. However, some clinics did not implement some of the security and safety conditions

scholarly journals Patient Knowledge Regarding Radiation Exposure from Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Imaging

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011418S0015
Author(s):  
Daniel Bohl ◽  
Blaine Manning ◽  
George Holmes ◽  
Simon Lee ◽  
Johnny Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Cone Beam Ct ◽  
Plain Film ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
X Ray

Category: Other Introduction/Purpose: Foot and ankle surgeons routinely prescribe diagnostic imaging that exposes patients to potentially harmful ionizing radiation. The purpose of this study is to characterize patients’ knowledge regarding radiation exposure associated with common forms of foot and ankle imaging. Methods: A survey was administered to all new patients prior to their first foot and ankle clinic appointments. Patients were asked to compare the amount of harmful radiation associated with chest x-rays to that associated with various types of foot and ankle imaging. Results were tabulated and compared to actual values of radiation exposure from the published literature. Results: A total of 890 patients were invited to participate, of whom 791 (88.9%) completed the survey. The majority of patients believed that a foot x-ray, an ankle x-ray, a “low dose” CT scan of the foot and ankle (alluding to cone-beam CT), and a traditional CT scan of the foot and ankle all contain similar amounts of harmful ionizing radiation to a chest x-ray (Table 1). This is in contrast to the published literature, which suggests that foot x-rays, ankle x-rays, cone beam CT scans of the foot and ankle, and traditional CT scans of the foot and ankle expose patients to 0.006, 0.006, 0.127, and 0.833 chest x-rays worth of radiation. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that patients greatly over-estimate the amount of harmful ionizing radiation associated with plain film and cone-beam CT scans of the foot and ankle. Interestingly, their estimates of radiation associated with traditional CT scans of the foot and ankle were relatively accurate. Results suggest that patients may benefit from increased counseling by surgeons regarding the relatively low risk of radiation exposure associated with plain film and cone-beam CT imaging of the foot and ankle.

INVESTIGATION OF HORMETIC STIMULATION IN STRAWBERRY PLANTS USING IONIZING RADIATION

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1181-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. SHEPPARD ◽  
C. L. GIBB ◽  
J. L. HAWKINS ◽  
W. R. REMPHREY
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Significant Stimulation ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Stimulation Of

Hormesis is the stimulation of growth by very low levels of inhibitors or stressors. This phenomenon may be useful in crops where the usual cultural factors have been optimized. The literature indicates that substantial stimulation of early growth of strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa) could be achieved by exposing transplants to low doses of ionizing radiation. Experiments were conducted to test the effectiveness and reliability of X rays as a hormetic agent. Plants of a day-neutral cultivar Hecker and of a June-bearing cultivar Glooscap were irradiated at 0.5–16 Gy and planted in pots. The plants were grown outdoors and growth was recorded each week. Significant stimulation above the controls in the number of trifoliate leaves occurred in the day-neutral cultivar. This effect persisted until the first phase of fruiting. No significant stimulatory effects were observed at any time in the June-bearing cultivar. Two field trials with a June-bearing cultivar Redcoat, irradiated at doses of 0.5 and 2 Gy, also revealed no significant stimulation. The dominant factor regulating early growth was the size of the individual transplants. Therefore, although hormetic stimulation may occur, it will be difficult to quantify and optimize and it will not likely be useful for practical application.Key words: X ray, transplant, day-neutral, June-bearing

scholarly journals Nanomelanin Potentially Protects the Spleen from Radiotherapy-Associated Damage and Enhances Immunoactivity in Tumor-Bearing Mice

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Le Na ◽  
Sai Duc Loc ◽  
Nguyen Le Minh Tri ◽  
Nguyen Thi Bich Loan ◽  
Ho Anh Son ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
High Dose Rate ◽  
High Dose ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tumor Bearing ◽  
Tnf Α

Radiotherapy side-effects present serious problems in cancer treatment. Melanin, a natural polymer with low toxicity, is considered as a potential radio-protector; however, its application as an agent against irradiation during cancer treatment has still received little attention. In this study, nanomelanin particles were prepared, characterized and applied in protecting the spleens of tumor-bearing mice irradiated with X-rays. These nanoparticles had sizes varying in the range of 80–200 nm and contained several important functional groups such as carboxyl (-COO), carbonyl (-C=O) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups on the surfaces. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with nanomelanin at a concentration of 40 mg/kg before irradiating with a single dose of 6.0 Gray of X-ray at a high dose rate (1.0 Gray/min). Impressively, X-ray caused mild splenic fibrosis in 40% of nanomelanin-protected mice, whereas severe fibrosis was observed in 100% of mice treated with X-ray alone. Treatment with nanomelanin also partly rescued the volume and weight of mouse spleens from irradiation through promoting the transcription levels of splenic Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α). More interestingly, splenic T cell and dendritic cell populations were 1.91 and 1.64-fold higher in nanomelanin-treated mice than those in mice which received X-ray alone. Consistently, the percentage of lymphocytes was also significantly greater in blood from nanomelanin-treated mice. In addition, nanomelanin might indirectly induce apoptosis in tumor tissues via activation of TNF-α, Bax, and Caspase-3 genes. In summary, our results demonstrate that nanomelanin protects spleens from X-ray irradiation and consequently enhances immunoactivity in tumor-bearing mice; therefore, we present nanomelanin as a potential protector against damage from radiotherapy in cancer treatment.

scholarly journals Ionizing radiation results in a mixture of cellular outcomes including mitotic catastrophe, senescence, methuosis, and iron-dependent cell death

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandy Adjemian ◽  
Teodora Oltean ◽  
Sofie Martens ◽  
Bartosz Wiernicki ◽  
Vera Goossens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Mitotic Catastrophe ◽  
High Dose ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Cytotoxic Treatment ◽  
Dependent Cell

AbstractRadiotherapy is commonly used as a cytotoxic treatment of a wide variety of tumors. Interestingly, few case reports underlined its potential to induce immune-mediated abscopal effects, resulting in regression of metastases, distant from the irradiated site. These observations are rare, and apparently depend on the dose used, suggesting that dose-related cellular responses may be involved in the distant immunogenic responses. Ionizing radiation (IR) has been reported to elicit immunogenic apoptosis, necroptosis, mitotic catastrophe, and senescence. In order to link a cellular outcome with a particular dose of irradiation, we performed a systematic study in a panel of cell lines on the cellular responses at different doses of X-rays. Remarkably, we observed that all cell lines tested responded in a similar fashion to IR with characteristics of mitotic catastrophe, senescence, lipid peroxidation, and caspase activity. Iron chelators (but not Ferrostatin-1 or vitamin E) could prevent the formation of lipid peroxides and cell death induced by IR, suggesting a crucial role of iron-dependent cell death during high-dose irradiation. We also show that in K-Ras-mutated cells, IR can induce morphological features reminiscent of methuosis, a cell death modality that has been recently described following H-Ras or K-Ras mutation overexpression.

Protection and Monitoring of Ionizing Radiation - Nuclear Medicine

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajjad Akbar ◽  
M. Shahid Khalil ◽  
Shahzad Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Military Hospitals ◽  
Ionization Radiation ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
Ionizing Radiations

The advancement in technology has resulted into development of Telethrapy and X-ray machine which has high potential hazards of ionizing radiation to user and patient exposed. Ionizing radiations are referred as gamma rays photons. X-rays can cause conjunctivitis and sterility. Ionization radiation is hazard both in radiotherapy and nuclear medicine department. The energy of this radiation is around 10eV, higher the energy of radiation greater is hazard because of penetration into tissues the basic protection rule is either move way from source of radiation or put absorber in between. These equipments are tools of diagnostics, therefore international commission on radiological protection (ICRP) ha recommended that exposure to radiation be kept minimum. Designing of teletherapy facilities play important role in protection and monitoring of radiations. The author has analyzed the protective measures and monitoring of radiations in various hospitals in public and private sector in Rawalpindi / Islamabad Pakistan. It has been observed that only in military hospitals strict protective and monitoring measurers are taken against radiations but in other public and private sector hospitals such measure are compromised due to lack of proper awareness. Pakistan nuclear regulatory authority (PNRA) is taking measures for ensuring protective and monitoring measurer against radiations and arousing awareness to all concerns.

scholarly journals Sparsely Ionizing Diagnostic and Natural Background Radiations are Likely Preventing Cancer and other Genomic-Instability-Associated Diseases

Dose-Response ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. dose-response.0 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bobby R. Scott ◽  
Jennifer Di Palma
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
The Body ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Environmental Radiation ◽  
Background Radiations ◽  
Radiation Hormesis ◽  
Apoptosis Process

Routine diagnostic X-rays (e.g., chest X-rays, mammograms, computed tomography scans) and routine diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures using sparsely ionizing radiation forms (e.g., beta and gamma radiations) stimulate the removal of precancerous neoplastically transformed and other genomically unstable cells from the body (medical radiation hormesis). The indicated radiation hormesis arises because radiation doses above an individual-specific stochastic threshold activate a system of cooperative protective processes that include high-fidelity DNA repair/apoptosis (presumed p53 related), an auxiliary apoptosis process (PAM process) that is presumed p53-independent, and stimulated immunity. These forms of induced protection are called adapted protection because they are associated with the radiation adaptive response. Diagnostic X-ray sources, other sources of sparsely ionizing radiation used in nuclear medicine diagnostic procedures, as well as radioisotope-labeled immunoglobulins could be used in conjunction with apoptosis-sensitizing agents (e.g., the natural phenolic compound resveratrol) in curing existing cancer via low-dose fractionated or low-dose, low-dose-rate therapy (therapeutic radiation hormesis). Evidence is provided to support the existence of both therapeutic (curing existing cancer) and medical (cancer prevention) radiation hormesis. Evidence is also provided demonstrating that exposure to environmental sparsely ionizing radiations, such as gamma rays, protect from cancer occurrence and the occurrence of other diseases via inducing adapted protection (environmental radiation hormesis).

scholarly journals Can Smartphones Measure Radiation Exposures?

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Y. Pang
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Normal Incidence ◽  
Radiation Detectors ◽  
Calibration Factor ◽  
Radiation Absorption ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Public ◽  
Standard Detector

Ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, is potentially harmful to humans. Ionizing radiation can be detected by radiation detectors, which are not easily available to the public. Thus, the feasibility of using smartphones to detect and measure X-ray exposures was investigated in this work. Two sets of experiments were conducted using an Apple iPhone 4 smartphone. For one experiment, the smartphone was used as an X-ray source, while the second experiment tested the use of the iPhone as an exposure meter. Using the iPhone 4, it was found that when videos were taken during X-ray exposures, white tracks appeared in the videos, which indicated a radiation absorption event. By counting the total number of tracks in the videos (using image processing software), X-ray exposures could be determined using a calibration factor obtained from the first set of experiments. It was found that the calibration factor was strongly dependent on the video settings, but weakly dependent on the incident angle of X-rays on the phone as long as the incident angle was within ±45 degrees from the normal incidence. It was observed that, as an exposure meter, the iPhone 4 was ±20% accurate compared to a standard detector used by hospitals. The results of this work suggest that it is feasible to use an iPhone 4 to measure radiation exposures.Les rayonnements ionisants comme les rayons X, peuvent être nuisible sans être sensiblement distingués par des humains. La faisabilité de l’utilisation des smartphones qui peuvent détecter des rayons X, et ce, en mesurant l’exposition à de tels rayons faisait l’objet de cet étude. Deux séries d’expériences ont été fait avec un iPhone4. Une série portait sur le calibrage de l’iPhone avec une source de rayon X. L’autre série portait sur l’utilisation de l’iPhone comme dispositif de photométrie. L’expérience a révélé que lors de la prise de vidéo pendant une exposition aux rayons X, des brillantes traces blanches se sont apparues dans les vidéos dont chacune a indiqué un événement d’absorption de radiation. En comptant le nombre total de traces dans les vidéos (utilisant un logiciel de traitement d’image), des expositions radiographiques pourraient être déterminées en utilisant un facteur de calibrage obtenu de la première série d’expériences. Les paramètres de vidéo ont eu une importante influence sur le facteur de calibrage, tandis que l’influence de l’angle d’incident de radiographies au téléphone leur signifiait moins tant que l’angle d’incident était d’environ ±45 degrés de l’incidence normale. L’iPhone comme dispositif de photométrie révélait être d’environ ±20 % précis par rapport à un détecteur standard utilisé dans des hôpitaux.

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