Zero Dose

Ionizing radiation in the medical world has long been used, both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. But the use of ionizing radiation, besides helping a lot in diagnosis and therapy, ionizing radiation is also hazardous for us. The effects of ionizing radiation on humans are divided into two types, namely stochastic effects, and non-stochastic (deterministic) effects. Of the two kinds of effects caused by ionizing radiation, the stochastic effect needs special attention. Because the dose-limiting parameter does not exist, how much radiation dose can cause the stochastic effect. We only have the principle that no matter how small the radiation that hits us, it will still impact us. The mechanism for this effect is either a direct effect or an indirect effect, or a newly discovered effect, namely the bystander effect, all of which lead to DNA damage. This DNA damage will cause various kinds of health problems for us. Keywords: Stochastic Effect, DNA Damage. Gene Mutation, Bystander Effect

Biomarker of buccal mucosa cells damaged after exposure to panoramic radiography: a literature review

Objectives: This review aimed to understand the effect of exposure to panoramic radiographs on exfoliated buccal mucosal cells at the cellular level. Review: The dose of radiation exposure in dentistry, both intraoral and extraoral, has been regulated by The National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB). However, even though it is given in small doses, x-ray radiation due to intraoral and extraoral radiographs still has a radiobiological effect on the exposed tissue. The radiobiological effects of X-ray exposure can cause changes in biological molecules, either directly or indirectly, within hours or days. There are two classification of this radiobiological effect, called deterministic and stochastic effect. The deterministic effect occurs when the dose given exceeds the recommended dose by the NRPB, whereas the stochastic effect does not have any threshold that needs to be exceeded to give some adverse impact to the exposed tissue One method used as a predictor or biomarker of genetic damage due to exposure to physical or chemical mutagenic agents in humans is micronucleus (MN). The biomarker for the cell damaged is the change of nucleus shape and outline, called pycnosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis. Conclusion: The exposed to x-ray from panoramic could induce cell and genetic damaged. Prescription for panoramic radiographic examination in patients should be as effectively as possible according to the principles of ALADA (as low as diagnostically acceptable) to avoid adverse effects on the exposed tissue.

Chest Exposure to X-Rays of Female Interventional Electrophysiologist

Interventional Female Cardiologists (WIC) operating in high case mix laboratories are exposed to a significant chest X-Ray scattered dose from the patient. In this setting stochastic effect may be highly detrimental because of breast radiation sensitivity. Aim of this study is to measure and optimize WICs’ chest radiation exposure in a high case mix electrophysiology laboratory, in order to validate and implement the use of personal protective equipment and lead equivalent glass viewing window, and to evaluate chest X-Ray exposure behind the protective equipment.

Management of personnel of fire and rescue garrisons taking into account radiation exposure

Introduction. At present, despite the efforts made by the state, the state of radiation protection does not reach the level at which there is no unacceptable risk of harm to the life or health of people, the environment, the property of individuals and legal entities, state and municipal property on the territory of the Russian Federation in the event of implementation of radiation treats. The readiness of management bodies, forces and means of fire and rescue garrisons to eliminate the consequences of radiation accidents is a very urgent problem. Goals and objectives. The aim of the work is to improve the management of the personnel of fire and rescue garrisons, taking into account the radiation exposure in preparation for liquidation and during the elimination of radiation accidents. Tasks include the creation and justification of a model that allows you to convert the exit risks of the deterministic effects into the risks of stochastic effects. Methods. To create a model for the management of fire and rescue garrisons’ personnel, taking into account the radiation exposure, we used the literature experimental data and used the probabilistic-statistical method and the method of least squares. Results and discussion. The calculated model of management of the fire and rescue garrisons’ personnel, taking into account radiation exposure in preparation for liquidation and in the course of liquidation of radiation accidents, is developed. The probabilistic mathematical model allows us to estimate the exit of stochastic and deterministic effects depending on the effective radiation dose. The excellent convergence of the predicted (calculated) value EAR1 = 0,000607 and the statistical value EAR0 = 0,000724 is due to the fact that the reference points LD10 = 2 Gy , LD50/60 = 4 Gy , LD90 = 6 Gy are based on repeatedly verified statistical data on radiation accidents and deaths of more than 1000 people in radiation accidents [1]. This indicates that the mathematical model adequately reflects the exit of stochastic and deterministic effects observed during the operation of nuclear facilities both in normal mode and in radiation accidents. Conclusions. The probability of exit of stochastic and deterministic effects depending on the radiation dose received by the personnel of fire and rescue garrisons is presented. The threshold of the stochastic effect for humans is in the vicinity of the equivalent dose of 10 mSv for radiation with low linear energy transfer. At the same time, the probability of a stochastic effect is 3 · 10-6 on average after 15 years. This model of radiation exposure management for the personnel of fire and rescue garrisons could be a good tool for the emergency response manager (fire extinguishing manager) during preparation for the elimination and during the elimination of radiation accidents. Keywords: management, personnel, fire and rescue garrison, radiation exposure, effective radiation dose, risk of death