scholarly journals Biologically plausible mechanisms underlying motor response correction during reward-based decision-making

2020 ◽  
Vol 412 ◽  
pp. 416-425
Author(s):  
Jung Hoon Lee
1987 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin G. Helander ◽  
Mark H. Karwan ◽  
John Etherton

An increasing number of studies indicate that robots are the most hazardous equipment in industry. The very virtue that makes them attractive for industrial work, the programmable arm, is the cause of accidents since the arm motion is often difficult to perceive. The present paper presents a model of human reaction time and emergency behavior. The total reaction time is the sum of three elements: perception, decision making and motor response. Each of these three elements are modeled using concepts such as perceptual discriminability and single detection theory. Finally the results of an experiment is presented where the human reaction time is modeled as a function of robot arm speed.


1981 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Shefsky

Subjects were asked to indicate, by a simple motor response, the presence or absence of a word (signal) in unilaterally presented five-letter words and nonwords (noise). Both vertical and horizontal orientation of stimuli were employed. Detection accuracy ( d') did not differ between visual hemifields and was greater for horizontal than for vertical orientation. Decision making was more conservative for left-hemifield presentation and more conservative for vertical orientation. Models of perceptual asymmetry based on structural differences between cerebral hemispheres are weakened by the results.


Author(s):  
Donald S. Faber ◽  
Henri Korn

The teleost and amphibian Mauthner (M) cell is the critical decision-making element in a brainstem microcircuit that decides whether unimodal or multimodal stimuli are sufficiently threatening to the animal’s survival to warrant a massive motor response. This behavior, called the startle response or C-start, was initially characterized as a reflex, when in fact its governing process involves computations that can occur over a period as short as a few milliseconds or as long as 0.5 s. Because much of what is known about this system was derived from studies in goldfish of the C-start evoked by loud, abrupt sounds and from the associated basic electrophysiology, this behavior is discussed first. Then the chapter addresses M-cell-initiated escapes triggered by more complex stimuli and the notion that the behavior can be voluntary. Finally, it describes insights from studying the M-cell system that provide a model for the construction of brainstem decision-making microcircuits.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke Smith ◽  
Jan Peters

Value-based decision-making is of central interest in cognitive neuroscience and psychology, as well as in the context of neuropsychiatric disorders characterised by decision-making impairments. Studies examining (neuro-)computational mechanisms underlying choice behaviour typically focus on participants' decisions. However, there is increasing evidence that option valuation might also be reflected in motor response vigour and eye movements, implicit measures of subjective utility. To examine motor response vigour and visual fixation correlates of option valuation in intertemporal choice, we set up a task where the participants selected an option by pressing a grip force transducer, simultaneously tracking fixation shifts between options. As outlined in our preregistration (https://osf.io/k6jct), we used hierarchical Bayesian parameter estimation to model the choices assuming hyperbolic discounting, compared variants of the softmax and drift diffusion model, and assessed the relationship between response vigour and the estimated model parameters. The behavioural data were best explained by a drift diffusion model specifying a non-linear scaling of the drift rate by the subjective value differences. Replicating previous findings (Green et al., 1997; Wagner et al., 2020a), we found a magnitude effect for temporal discounting, such that higher rewards were discounted less. This magnitude effect was further reflected in response vigour, such that stronger forces were exerted in the high vs. the low magnitude condition. Bayesian hierarchical linear regression further revealed higher grip forces, faster response times and a lower number of fixation shifts for trials with higher subjective value differences. Our data suggest that subjective utility or implicit valuation is reflected in response vigour during intertemporal choice. Taking into account response vigour might thus provide deeper insight into decision-making, reward valuation and maladaptive changes in these processes, e.g. in the context of neuropsychiatric disorders.


2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (7) ◽  
pp. 1603-1605
Author(s):  
Stefano Sandrone

Decision making is a crucial part of our life: we sense information from the environment and perform our motor response. However, “whether” and “when” decisions are embodied still needs to be fully elucidated. Neuroimaging data obtained by the disentanglement of perceptual decision from motor preparation revealed an increase in connectivity between inferior frontal cortex and sensory regions, and the important role played by intraparietal sulcus in motor decisions. The results obtained as well as the new research questions prompted by this work are carefully discussed herein.


2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Klatt ◽  
Nicholas J. Smeeton

In 2 experiments, the authors investigated the effects of bimodal integration in a sport-specific task. Beach volleyball players were required to make a tactical decision, responding either verbally or via a motor response, after being presented with visual, auditory, or both kinds of stimuli in a beach volleyball scenario. In Experiment 1, players made the correct decision in a game situation more often when visual and auditory information were congruent than in trials in which they experienced only one of the modalities or incongruent information. Decision-making accuracy was greater when motor, rather than verbal, responses were given. Experiment 2 replicated this congruence effect using different stimulus material and showed a decreasing effect of visual stimulation on decision making as a function of shorter visual stimulus durations. In conclusion, this study shows that bimodal integration of congruent visual and auditory information results in more accurate decision making in sport than unimodal information.


Author(s):  
Dennis Murr ◽  
Paul Larkin ◽  
Oliver Höner

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to develop a valid video-based diagnostic instrument that assesses decision-making with a sport-specific motor response. Methods A total of 86 German youth academy players (16.7 ± 0.9 years) viewed game situations projected on a large video screen and were required to make a decision by dribbling and passing to one of three targets (representing different decision options). The test included 48 clips separated into two categories: build-up (bu) and offensive decisions (off). Criterion-related validity was tested based on age (i.e., U16, U17, and U19), playing status (i.e., minutes played in official matches of the current season) and in a prospective approach relating to future youth national team status (i.e., selected or nonselected). Finally, it was investigated whether decision-making competence was influenced by playing position (i.e., defenders vs. midfielders vs. forwards). Results Instrumental reliability demonstrated satisfactory values for SCbu (r = 0.72), and lower for SCoff (r = 0.56). Results showed the diagnostic instrument is suitable for discriminating between playing status (SCbu: Φ = 0.22, p < 0.01; SCoff: Φ = 0.14, p < 0.05) and between younger (U16) and older players (U17 > U16 in SCbu: Φ = 0.24 and SCoff: Φ = 0.39, p < 0.01; U19 > U16 in SCbu: Φ = 0.41 and SCoff: Φ = 0.46, p < 0.01); however, there was no difference between U17 and U19 players. Furthermore, the predictive value of the test indicates that future youth national team players make better decisions with respect to the build-up category (SCbu: Φ = 0.20; p < 0.05), whereas playing position did not significantly influence decision-making competence. Conclusion Results indicate the video-based decision-making diagnostic instrument can discriminate decision-making competence within a high-performance youth group. The outcomes associated with national youth team participation demonstrate the predictive value of the diagnostic instrument. This study provides initial evidence to suggest a new video-based diagnostic instrument with a soccer-specific motor response can be used within a talent identification process to assist with assessment of decision-making performance.


2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung Hoon Lee

AbstractOur propensity to acclimate to new surroundings and choose a goal-directed behavior for a maximal reward (i.e., optimal outcome) is natural, for it affects our survival. A line of studies suggested that anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) could be a potential hub for adaptive behaviors. For instance, an experimental study noted ACC’s contribution to selecting motor responses for maximal rewards; it found 1) that ACC neurons were selectively activated when the reward was reduced and 2) that suppression of ACC activity impaired monkeys’ ability to change motor responses to obtain the maximal reward. To probe ACC functions in adaptive behaviors, we sought biologically-plausible mechanisms to account for the experimental findings mentioned above by utilizing a computational model. Our simulation results raise the possibility that ACC can correct behavioral responses by reading out and updating the motor plans (guiding future motor responses) stored in prefrontal cortex (PFC).


Retos ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Gómez-Criado ◽  
Teresa Valverde-Esteve

Abstract. Introduction: The current holistic demands of the curriculum for the students’ Secondary education require further methodologies that do not only focus on the simple acquisition of physical and motor skills. The implementation of contemporary models such as the non-linear pedagogy understand the teaching-learning process as a complex and nonlinear system, in which students, group-classroom, environment and teachers interact between each other, therefore negotiating the barriers of the acquisition of motor skills. Objective: The aim of this study was to design, implement and observe the motor response to a volleyball Didactic Unit based on non-linear pedagogy principles, such as the modification of the rules, size of the game area or material used. Methods: 66 students participated in this experience (age= 14.8 ± 0.3 years old). All of them performed a self-assessment of this practice and we also collected some observations. We encouraged the students’ participation through the variability, the use of uncertainty activities, learning exploration, creativity and decision-making. Results: We observed the expected students’ motor response to the modification of constraints without giving specific instructions addressed to what they should perform. There was a high significant correlation between the knowledge of the game and the self-perception competence of the pass (r=0.366, p=0.004), the reception (r=0.266, p=0.040), serve (r=0.376, p=0.003), colocation of the body (r=0.413, p=0.001), and attack and block (r=0.267, p=0.038). . Conclusions: Through the implementation of non-linear pedagogy, we observed that the students improved their autonomy and decision making. We also observed multiple interactions among the students in order to optimize their response to the constrictions applied.  Resumen. Introducción: La demanda actual desde una perspectiva holística del curriculum hacia el alumnado de Secundaria, requiere de la implementación de metodologías que no sólo tengan en cuenta la simple adquisición de habilidades motrices. La implementación de modelos contemporáneos tales como la pedagogía no-lineal entienden el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje como un Sistema complejo y no lineal, en el que alumnado, el grupo-clase, el entorno y profesorado interactúa entre sí, negociando las barreras de la adquisición de habilidades motrices. Objetivo: El objeto de este estudio fue diseñar, implementar y observar la respuesta motriz del alumnado de Secundaria a una Unidad Didáctica de voleibol impartida a través de la pedagogía no lineal, empleando la modificación de las normas, el tamaño del área de juego, o el material empleado. Metodología: 66 estudiantes participaron en esta experiencia (edad= 14.8 ± 0.3 años). Todo este alumnado llevó a cabo una auto-evaluación de su práctica, al mismo tiempo que el profesorado tomamos notas de las observaciones. Fomentamos la participación del alumnado a través de la variabilidad, la introducción de tareas dirigidas hacia la incertidumbre, la exploración del aprendizaje, creatividad y toma de decisiones. Resultados: Observamos las esperadas respuestas motrices por parte del alumnado, en respuesta a la modificación de las constricciones, aún sin haber instrucciones específicas dirigidas hacia lo que debían ejecutar. Encontramos una alta correlación significativa entre el conocimiento del juego y la auto-percepción de la competencia del pase (r=0.366, p=0.004), la recepción (r=0.266, p=0.040), el saque (r=0.376, p=0.003), la colocación del cuerpo (r=0.413, p=0.001), y el remate y bloqueo (r=0.267, p=0.038). Conclusiones: A través de la implementación de la pedagogía no lineal, observamos que el alumnado aumentó su autonomía y toma de decisiones. También observamos interacciones múltiples entre el alumnado, con el objeto de optimizar su respuesta a las constricciones aplicadas. 


2015 ◽  
Vol 593 (19) ◽  
pp. 4423-4437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar Buhl ◽  
Stephen R. Soffe ◽  
Alan Roberts

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