Locus Coeruleus, Noradrenaline, and Behavior: Network Effect, Network Effects?

Subject. The article addresses economic relations that are formed in various areas of economic application of digital platforms. The target of the research is the modern economy of digital platforms across different economic activities. Objectives. The aim is to systematize principles for share economy formation in the context of the digital society development. Methods. We employ general scientific methods of research. Results. The study shows that the development of digital platforms is one of the most important trends in the development of the modern economy. We classified certain characteristic features of modern digital platforms, analyzed principles for their creation. The paper emphasizes that the network effects achieved through the use of digital platforms are an important factor in the development of the share economy. The network effect describes the impact of the number of the platform users on the value created for each of them. The paper also considers differences in the organization of traditional economy companies and companies that are based on the digital platform model, reveals specifics of changes in socio-economic systems caused by the development of digital platforms, systematizes principles of the sharing economy formation in the context of the digital society development. Conclusions. The analyzed principles for sharing economy development on the basis of digital platforms can be applied to create models for the purpose of forecasting the transformation of economic activity in the post-industrial society.

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NO synthase inhibitors attenuate locus coeruleus catecholamine metabolism and behavior induced by morphine withdrawal

Neuroreport ◽

10.1097/00001756-200204160-00037 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 725-728 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Nathalie Javelle ◽

Anne B??rod ◽

Bernard Renaud ◽

Laura Lamb??s-Se??as

Keyword(s):

Locus Coeruleus ◽

No Synthase ◽

Morphine Withdrawal ◽

Catecholamine Metabolism ◽

And Behavior

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Linking genes, circuits, and behavior: network connectivity as a novel endophenotype of externalizing

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291718002672 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 49 (11) ◽

pp. 1905-1913 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Naomi Sadeh ◽

Jeffrey M. Spielberg ◽

Mark W. Logue ◽

Jasmeet P. Hayes ◽

Erika J. Wolf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽

Network Connectivity ◽

Externalizing Disorders ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Genome Wide ◽

A Genome ◽

Brain Circuit ◽

Behavior Network ◽

And Behavior ◽

Polygenic Variation

AbstractBackgroundExternalizing disorders are known to be partly heritable, but the biological pathways linking genetic risk to the manifestation of these costly behaviors remain under investigation. This study sought to identify neural phenotypes associated with genomic vulnerability for externalizing disorders.MethodsOne-hundred fifty-five White, non-Hispanic veterans were genotyped using a genome-wide array and underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Genetic susceptibility was assessed using an independently developed polygenic score (PS) for externalizing, and functional neural networks were identified using graph theory based network analysis. Tasks of inhibitory control and psychiatric diagnosis (alcohol/substance use disorders) were used to measure externalizing phenotypes.ResultsA polygenic externalizing disorder score (PS) predicted connectivity in a brain circuit (10 nodes, nine links) centered on left amygdala that included several cortical [bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) pars triangularis, left rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC)] and subcortical (bilateral amygdala, hippocampus, and striatum) regions. Directional analyses revealed that bilateral amygdala influenced left prefrontal cortex (IFG) in participants scoring higher on the externalizing PS, whereas the opposite direction of influence was observed for those scoring lower on the PS. Polygenic variation was also associated with higher Participation Coefficient for bilateral amygdala and left rACC, suggesting that genes related to externalizing modulated the extent to which these nodes functioned as communication hubs.ConclusionsFindings suggest that externalizing polygenic risk is associated with disrupted connectivity in a neural network implicated in emotion regulation, impulse control, and reinforcement learning. Results provide evidence that this network represents a genetically associated neurobiological vulnerability for externalizing disorders.

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Network Effects and the Evolution of Internet Auctions

Strategies and Policies in Digital Convergence ◽

10.4018/978-1-59904-156-8.ch005 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 71-87

Author(s):

S. Park

Keyword(s):

Web Site ◽

Network Effects ◽

Empirical Support ◽

The Other ◽

Network Effect ◽

The Internet ◽

Theoretical Studies ◽

Internet Auctions ◽

Auction Mechanisms ◽

Entry Behavior

Based on the weekly data of listings and Web site usage of eBay and Yahoo!Auctions, as well as fee schedules and available auction mechanisms, this chapter provides empirical support of the network effect in Internet auctions: A seller’s expected auction revenue increases with page views per listing on one hand and increased listings raise page views per listing on the other hand. The existence of the network effect between Web site usage and listings explains the first mover’s advantage and the dominance of eBay even with higher fees in the Internet auctions market. Our empirical findings also highlight unique features of Internet auctions, especially in the entry behavior of potential bidders into specific auctions, inviting more theoretical studies of the market microstructure of Internet auctions.

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Superior Customer Value and Network size in Markets Characterized by Network effects

E-Business Models, Services and Communications ◽

10.4018/978-1-59904-831-4.ch004 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 84-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fan-Chen Tseng ◽

Ching-I Teng ◽

David Chiang

Keyword(s):

Customer Value ◽

Network Effects ◽

Perceived Value ◽

Network Size ◽

Network Effect ◽

Customer Perceived Value ◽

Business Practitioners ◽

Winner Take All ◽

Number Of Customers ◽

The Relationship

Network effect indicates that the value of connecting to a network is positively associated with the current number of customers connected to that network. Network effect strengthens the strong firms, weakens the weak firms, and may lead to a winner-take-all market. Thus, managing customer perceived value is crucial in markets with network effects. This article models customer perceived value, presents ways to improve the value, and discusses the relationship between customer perceived value and network size. Implications for e-business practitioners are discussed.

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A study on online platforms’ price discrimination behavior and the same-side network effects

Kybernetes ◽

10.1108/k-06-2020-0353 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Can-Zhong Yao ◽

Yi-Na Mo

Keyword(s):

Price Discrimination ◽

Network Effects ◽

Competition Model ◽

Network Effect ◽

Pricing Strategy ◽

Pricing Model ◽

Content Type ◽

Second Stage ◽

The Cross ◽

Efficient Allocations

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to whether competition between platforms can be effective, thus leading to efficient allocations. Design/methodology/approach Based on the classic linear Hoteling model, this paper builds a two-period competition model for two competing platforms using two variants, namely, a discrimination pricing model and a unified pricing model. Findings In the case of the discrimination pricing model, the competition is moderate, and the two platforms split the market evenly in the first stage, while both platforms tended to offer preferential treatment to new users and set higher prices for regular customers in the second stage. Compared to the unified pricing model, in the first stage, the platform can provide a higher price that depends on the cross-network effect when it implements discrimination, and thus, obtains higher profits. However, in the second stage, fierce competition leads to the release of benefits, new and regular customers obtain lower prices and the platforms lose higher profits. In the long-run, discriminatory pricing is not the best option due to lower total profits. The two platforms will implement cooperative pricing or one platform becomes dominant. Originality/value Instead of focusing on the cross-network effects, this paper emphasizes the role of the same-side network effect on price discrimination regarding the platforms’ competition. The same-side network effects are investigated in relation to a discrimination pricing strategy and compared to a unified pricing strategy. Another innovative aspect is the study of these network effects in a dynamic setting based on a two-period competition model for two platforms.

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Coordinating Demand and Supply for Crowd Logistics Platforms with Network Effect

Mathematical Problems in Engineering ◽

10.1155/2021/1567278 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Wenjie Wang ◽

Lei Xie

Keyword(s):

Network Effects ◽

Service Providers ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Network Effect ◽

Pricing Strategy ◽

Pricing Strategies ◽

Demand And Supply ◽

Direct Network ◽

Crowd Logistics

The crowd logistics platforms connect stochastic demand with uncertain delivery supply which is provided by independent service providers. Considering direct-network effects and cross-network effects between the demand and supply side, a dynamic surge pricing model for crowd logistics platforms is built. The pricing strategy is derived to coordinate the supply with demand to equilibrium. Furthermore, the pricing strategy minimizing cumulative delivery orders is analyzed. The numerical simulation results show that the dynamic surge pricing strategies can stimulate the uncertain delivery supply for maximizing platforms’ revenue. And, direct-network effects pose a positive impact on the dynamic surge pricing strategy. In contrast, the cross-network effects have a negative impact on the pricing strategy. However, direct-network effects and cross-network effects negatively influence platforms’ revenue.

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Borders of Network Effects and Early Internationalization as a Latecomer Strategy

10.31235/osf.io/d74he ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sungyong Chang ◽

Sanghyun Park

Keyword(s):

Network Effects ◽

Theoretical Work ◽

Order Effect ◽

Global Market ◽

Global Strategy ◽

Network Effect ◽

Demand Side ◽

Early Internationalization ◽

Indirect Network Effects ◽

Direct Network

Scholars have examined the persistent heterogeneity of firm performance from the entry-order effect perspective. In the international business literature, this perspective has been highlighted in research on early internationalization (i.e., the born global strategy). While prior work has focused on the heterogeneity of firm characteristics and capabilities, we present a demand-side view of early internationalization by focusing on network effects. Prior theoretical work on network effects has predicted that when network effects are prominent, survival is challenging for latecomers because of the installed bases of first movers in the global market. However, we see many cases, such as the mobile instant messenger (MIM) market, where no single winner dominates the global market and where many latecomers have survived by implementing early internationalization. We build upon Brian Arthur’s model of demand-side dynamics. The findings suggest that latecomers may overcome their disadvantages by pursuing early internationalization, especially when the direct network effects (i.e., social network effects) are stronger than the indirect network effects (i.e., installed base effects). The underlying rationale is that country borders often demarcate the reach of the direct network effect, limiting the power of installed bases.

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