Evidence of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in domestic cats living with owners with a history of COVID-19 in Lima – Peru

SARS-CoV-2 can infect a variety of wild and domestic animals worldwide. Of these, domestic cats are highly susceptible species and potential viral reservoirs. As such, it is important to investigate disease exposure in areas with active community transmission and high disease prevalence. In this report we demonstrate the presence of serum neutralizing antibodies against the receptor binding-domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats whose owners had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Lima, Peru, using a commercial competitive ELISA SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test. Out of 41 samples, 17.1% (7/41) and 31.7% (13/41) were positive, using the cut-off inhibition value of 30% and 20%, respectively. Not all cats living in a single house had detectable neutralizing antibodies showing that heterogenous exposure and immune among cohabiting animals. This is the first report of SARS-COV-2 exposure of domestic cats in Lima, Peru. Further studies are required to ascertain the prevalence of SARS-COV-2 exposure among domestic cats of Lima, Peru.

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A survey of Nipah virus infection among various risk groups in Singapore

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268801006422 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 128 (1) ◽

pp. 93-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

K. P. CHAN ◽

P. E. ROLLIN ◽

T. G. KSIAZEK ◽

Y. S. LEO ◽

K. T. GOH ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Past History ◽

Nipah Virus ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Asymptomatic Infection ◽

Infected People ◽

The People ◽

History Of ◽

Abattoir Workers

Following the Nipah virus (NV) outbreak in March 1999 in Singapore, a serological survey was undertaken to screen individuals potentially exposed to NV. Blood samples were tested for NV IgM, IgG and neutralizing antibodies. Twenty-two (1·5%) of 1469 people tested had antibodies suggesting NV infection. Although 12 of the 22 infected people (54·6%) were symptomatic, the remaining 10 (45·4%) were clinically well and had no past history of compatible pulmonary or neurological disease. Clinical and serological findings suggested three people had been infected with NV before the outbreak was recognized. All those who were infected were male abattoir workers. None of the people who had contact with horses, and no healthcare workers exposed to infected patients and their specimens had detectable antibodies. This study provides evidence that NV causes asymptomatic infection. All of the antibody positive individuals had direct contact with pigs and there was no evidence of human to human transmission.

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NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES AGAINST MOUSE-ADAPTED LANSING STRAIN OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN THE SERA OF ACUTE AND CONVALESCENT CASES AND NORMAL INDIVIDUALS

Canadian Journal of Research ◽

10.1139/cjr50e-007 ◽

1950 ◽

Vol 28e (2) ◽

pp. 34-40

Author(s):

E. L. Barton ◽

N. A. Labzoffsky ◽

W. G. Ross ◽

L. P. Morrissey

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Acute Stage ◽

Present Communication ◽

Two Phase ◽

Poliomyelitis Virus ◽

Normal Individuals ◽

History Of

The present communication deals with a survey of neutralizing antibodies to mouse-adapted Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in the sera of acute, convalescent, and normal individuals during a 1946 epidemic. Two-phase sera were obtained from residents of Ontario and British Columbia and convalescent and normal sera from Quebec. In the sera of 17 out of 35 Ontario patients neutralizing antibodies were demonstrable during the acute stage. In four of these seropositive individuals, there was an increase in the neutralizing titer during convalescence and in three patients there was a notable drop in the titer. The remaining 18 patients were found to be seronegative during both the acute and convalescent stages. Sera from six out of nine British Columbia patients, likewise contained neutralizing antibodies to the Lansing strain of virus during the acute stage. In four of these the titer remained unchanged during convalescence, in one the titer decreased, and another patient became seronegative. Of the remaining three, two continued to be seronegative and one became seropositive during convalescence. Positive neutralization reactions were obtained with 17 out of 44 convalescent sera from Ontario and 62 out of 146 convalescent sera from Quebec Sera from 51 children without history of poliomyelitis and 100 adult sera taken at random from specimens submitted for Wassermann tests were obtained from Quebec. Of the children's sera 43%, and of the adults’, 48%, contained neutralizing antibodies. The results obtained closely agree with those reported by American workers.

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Occurrence of Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the Domestic Cat Population of Germany

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines8040772 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 772

Author(s):

Anna Michelitsch ◽

Donata Hoffmann ◽

Kerstin Wernike ◽

Martin Beer

Keyword(s):

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Large Scale ◽

Close Contact ◽

Companion Animals ◽

Cross Reactivity ◽

Human Infection ◽

Domestic Cat ◽

Domestic Cats ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Transmission Cycle

Domestic cats (Felis catus) are popular companion animals that live in close contact with their human owners. Therefore, the risk of a trans-species spreading event between domestic cats and humans is ever-present. Shortly after the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its rapid spread around the world, the role of domestic cats in the transmission cycle was questioned. In the present study, the first large-scale survey of antibody occurrence in the domestic cat population in Germany was conducted, in order to assess the incidence of naturally occurring human to cat transmission of SARS-CoV-2. A total of 920 serum samples, which were collected from April to September of 2020, were screened by an indirect multispecies ELISA. Positive samples were verified using an indirect immunofluorescence test (iIFT) and additionally tested for neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, serum samples were screened for antibodies against feline coronavirus (FCoV), in order to rule out cross-reactivity in the described test systems. Overall, 0.69% (6/920) of serum samples were found to be positive for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 by ELISA and iIFT. Two of these reactive sera also displayed neutralizing antibodies. No cross-reactivity with FCoV-specific antibodies was observed. The finding of SARS-CoV-2 antibody-positive serum samples in the domestic cat population of Germany, during a period when the incidence of human infection in the country was still rather low, indicates that human-to-cat transmission of SARS-CoV-2 happens, but there is no indication of SARS-CoV-2 circulation in cats.

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Thienopyridine-Associated Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura: Updated Antibody Results From the SERF-TTP Study.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v114.22.892.892 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 114 (22) ◽

pp. 892-892

Author(s):

Anaadriana Zakarija ◽

Thanh Ha Luu ◽

Hau C. Kwaan ◽

June McKoy ◽

Ivy Weiss ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasma Exchange ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Conflicts Of Interest ◽

Therapeutic Plasma Exchange ◽

Severe Thrombocytopenia ◽

Adamts13 Activity ◽

Laboratory Findings ◽

History Of ◽

Adamts13 Deficiency ◽

Drug Dependent

Abstract Abstract 892 Background: The thienopyridines, ticlopidine and clopidogrel, have been associated with thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP). However, few studies have reported information on antibodies to ADAMTS13 among patients with thienopyridine-associated TTP. We previously reported on two mechanistic pathways of thienopyridine-associated TTP with some overlapping features. Evaluation of ADAMTS13 autoantibodies was undertaken to improve understanding of these syndromes. Methods: Clinical and laboratory findings were evaluated for 30 ticlopidine-, 10 clopidogrel-associated TTP cases, and 54 cases of idiopathic TTP. Results: Among patients with thienopyridine-induced TTP, those with a history of ticlopidine versus clopidogrel use were more likely to present with severe thrombocytopenia (platelet < 20,000) (90% versus 13%), severe ADAMTS13-deficiency (80% versus 0%), and neutralizing antibodies to ADAMTS13 (100% versus 0%), and were less likely to have less than a two week history of thienopyridine exposure (0% versus 50%) (p<0.05 for each comparison). They were also more likely to survive following therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) (85% versus 50%). 2 patients exposed to clopidogrel later relapsed and had similar characteristics to idiopathic TTP patients with non-deficient ADAMTS13 activity. Conclusion: Ticlopidine causes TTP by a pathway involving a neutralizing autoantibody to ADAMTS13 while clopidogrel causes TTP by an ADAMTS13-independent pathway. Although ADAMTS13 autoantibodies are present in both idiopathic and ticlopidine-associated TTP, spontaneous relapses are not seen in ticlopidine-associaated TTP, suggesting that drug-dependent antibodies are present. Clopidogrel associated TTP is distinct from idiopathic TTP in that ADAMTS13 autoantibodies are absent and response to TPE is poor. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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African horse sickness in The Gambia: circulation of a live-attenuated vaccine-derived strain

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s095026881100080x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 140 (3) ◽

pp. 462-465 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

C. A. L. OURA ◽

P. A. S. IVENS ◽

K. BACHANEK-BANKOWSKA ◽

A. BIN-TARIF ◽

D. B. JALLOW ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Previous History ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

The Gambia ◽

African Horse Sickness ◽

African Horse Sickness Virus ◽

Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽

Virus Serotype ◽

History Of ◽

Young Horses

SUMMARYAfrican horse sickness virus serotype 9 (AHSV-9) has been known for some time to be circulating amongst equids in West Africa without causing any clinical disease in indigenous horse populations. Whether this is due to local breeds of horses being resistant to disease or whether the AHSV-9 strains circulating are avirulent is currently unknown. This study shows that the majority (96%) of horses and donkeys sampled across The Gambia were seropositive for AHS, despite most being unvaccinated and having no previous history of showing clinical signs of AHS. Most young horses (<3 years) were seropositive with neutralizing antibodies specific to AHSV-9. Eight young equids (<3 years) were positive for AHSV-9 by serotype-specific RT–PCR and live AHSV-9 was isolated from two of these horses. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of an AHSV-9 strain showing 100% identity to Seg-2 of the AHSV-9 reference strain, indicating that the virus circulating in The Gambia was highly likely to have been derived from a live-attenuated AHSV-9 vaccine strain.

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Development and utilization of a surrogate SARS-CoV-2 viral neutralization assay to assess mRNA vaccine responses.

10.1101/2021.08.05.21261616 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Adam V Wisnewski ◽

Jian Liu ◽

Carolina V Lucas ◽

Jon Klein ◽

Akiko Iwasaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Neutralization Assay ◽

Competitive Elisa ◽

Prior History ◽

Viral Neutralization ◽

Neutralizing Activity ◽

Vaccine Responses ◽

Protein Receptor ◽

History Of ◽

High Level

Background: Tests for SARS-CoV-2 immunity are needed to help assess responses to vaccination, which can be heterogeneous and may wane over time. The plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) is considered the gold standard for measuring serum neutralizing antibodies but requires high level biosafety, live viral cultures and days to complete. We hypothesized that competitive enzyme linked immunoassays (ELISAs) based on SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) attachment to its host receptor, the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2r), would correlate with PRNT, given the central role of RBD-ACE2r interactions in infection and published studies to date, and enable evaluation of vaccine responses. Methods and Findings: Configuration and development of a competitive ELISA with plate-bound RBD and soluble biotinylated ACE2r was accomplished using pairs of pre/post vaccine serum. When the competitive ELISA was used to evaluate N=32 samples from COVID-19 patients previously tested by PRNT, excellent correlation in IC50 results were observed (rs= .83, p < 0.0001). When the competitive ELISA was used to evaluate N=41 vaccinated individuals and an additional N=14 unvaccinated recovered COVID-19 patients, significant differences in RBD-ACE2r inhibitory activity were associated with prior history of COVID-19 and type of vaccine received. In longitudinal analyses pre and up to 200 days post vaccine, surrogate neutralizing activity increased markedly after primary and booster vaccine doses, but fell substantially, up to <12% maximal levels within 6 months. Conclusions: A competitive ELISA based on inhibition of RBD-ACE2r attachment correlates well with PRNT, quantifies significantly higher activity among vaccine recipients with prior COVID (vs. those without), and highlights marked declines in surrogate neutralizing activity over a 6 month period post vaccination. The findings raise concern about the duration of vaccine responses and potential need for booster shots.

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Vaccine-Associated Disease Enhancement (VADE): Considerations in Postvaccination COVID-19

Case Reports in Medicine ◽

10.1155/2021/9673453 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Rahajeng N. Tunjungputri ◽

Erpryta Nurdia Tetrasiwi ◽

Merlinda Veronica ◽

Jacub Pandelaki ◽

Fera Ibrahim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Vaccine Uptake ◽

The Public ◽

True Incidence ◽

Mass Immunization ◽

History Of ◽

New Phase

Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic has entered a new phase with the roll-out of several vaccines worldwide at an accelerated phase. The occurrence of a more severe presentation of COVID-19 after vaccination may affect policymakers’ decision-making and vaccine uptake by the public. Vaccine-associated disease enhancement (VADE) is the modified presentation of infections in individuals after having received a prior vaccination. Currently, little is known about the potential of vaccine-associated disease enhancement (VADE) following COVID-19 immunization. Case Illustration. We herewith report two patients admitted with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia with a history of CoronaVac vaccination. The first patient with a relatively milder course of the disease had received two doses of CoronaVac, whereas the second patient with a more progressive course of the disease received only one dose before developing symptoms and being admitted to the hospital. Our observations suggest that vaccination could act in boosting the inflammatory process and reveal the previously asymptomatic COVID-19 illness. Theoretically, vaccines could induce VADE, where only suboptimal, nonprotective titers of neutralizing antibodies were produced or proinflammatory T-helper type 2 response was induced. Secondly, enhanced respiratory disease (ERD) could manifest, where pulmonary symptoms are more severe due to peribronchial monocytic and eosinophilic infiltration. Understanding VADE is important for the decision-making by the public, clinicians, and policymakers and is warranted for successful vaccination uptake. Conclusion. We report two cases of patients developing COVID-19 shortly after CoronaVac vaccination in which VADE is likely. We recommend that current vaccination strategies consider the measurement of neutralizing antibody titer as a guide in ensuring the safest strategy for mass immunization. Studies are needed to investigate the true incidence of VADE on vaccinated individuals as well as on how to differentiate between VADE and severe manifestations of COVID-19 that are unrelated to vaccination.

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Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, Anti-Ad5 Antibodies, and Reactogenicity in Response to Ad5-nCoV (CanSino Biologics) Vaccine in Individuals with and without Prior SARS-CoV-2

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9091047 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1047

Author(s):

Jorge Hernández-Bello ◽

José Javier Morales-Núñez ◽

Andrea Carolina Machado-Sulbarán ◽

Saúl Alberto Díaz-Pérez ◽

Paola Carolina Torres-Hernández ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Phase I ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Booster Dose ◽

Neutralization Test ◽

Natural Infection ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Factors Associated ◽

History Of

This is the first study outside of clinical trials (phase I–III) evaluating the ability of the Ad5-nCoV vaccine to generate neutralizing antibodies and the factors associated with optimal or suboptimal response. In a longitudinal assay, 346 people (117 with prior COVID-19 and 229 without prior COVID-19) vaccinated with Ad5-nCoV were recruited. The percentage of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test) and antibodies against Ad5 (ADV-Ad5 IgG ELISA) were quantified pre and post-vaccination effects. The Ad5-nCoV vaccine induces higher neutralizing antibodies percentage in individuals with prior COVID-19 than those without prior COVID-19 (median [IQR]: 98% [97–98.1] vs. 72% [54–90], respectively; p < 0.0001). Furthermore, a natural infection (before vaccination) induces more neutralizing antibodies percentage than immunized individuals without prior COVID-19 (p < 0.01). No patient had vaccine-severe adverse effects. The age, antidepressant, and immunosuppressive treatments, reactogenicity, and history of COVID-19 are associated with impaired antibody production. The anti-Ad5 antibodies increased after 21 days of post-vaccination in all groups (p < 0.01). We recommend the application of a booster dose of Ad5-nCoV, especially for those individuals without previous COVID-19 infection. Finally, the induction of anti-Ad5 antibodies after vaccination should be considered if a booster with the same vaccine is planned.

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High prevalence rates of antibody to three sandfly fever viruses (Sicilian, Naples and Toscana) among Cypriots

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268800049384 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 107 (3) ◽

pp. 685-691 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

R. Eitrem ◽

M. Stylianou ◽

B. Niklasson

Keyword(s):

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Prevalence Rates ◽

Antibody Prevalence ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Significant Public Health Problem ◽

Significant Public Health ◽

History Of ◽

Study Sites ◽

Antibody Levels

SUMMARYNeutralizing antibodies to sandfly fever Naples, sandfly fever Sicilian and Toscana viruses were investigated among 479 sera collected from a normal human population in Cyprus. Antibody prevalence rates of 57%, 32% and 20% were found to Naples, Sicilian and Toscana viruses, respectively. The observed frequency of dual and triple infections was higher than would be expected with a random chance of infection. Antibody prevalence rates were similar for men and women for all three viruses tested, but one of two study sites had significantly higher antibody prevalence to Naples and Sicilian viruses than the other. Individuals with antibodies to both Naples and Toscana viruses had higher antibody levels to Naples virus than those with antibodies to Naples virus only. If the antibody prevalence rates found in this study reflect a history of clinical disease as described in the literature, sandfly fever poses a significant public health problem in Cyprus.

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