scholarly journals Vaccine-Associated Disease Enhancement (VADE): Considerations in Postvaccination COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Rahajeng N. Tunjungputri ◽  
Erpryta Nurdia Tetrasiwi ◽  
Merlinda Veronica ◽  
Jacub Pandelaki ◽  
Fera Ibrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
The Public ◽  
True Incidence ◽  
Mass Immunization ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Phase

Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic has entered a new phase with the roll-out of several vaccines worldwide at an accelerated phase. The occurrence of a more severe presentation of COVID-19 after vaccination may affect policymakers’ decision-making and vaccine uptake by the public. Vaccine-associated disease enhancement (VADE) is the modified presentation of infections in individuals after having received a prior vaccination. Currently, little is known about the potential of vaccine-associated disease enhancement (VADE) following COVID-19 immunization. Case Illustration. We herewith report two patients admitted with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia with a history of CoronaVac vaccination. The first patient with a relatively milder course of the disease had received two doses of CoronaVac, whereas the second patient with a more progressive course of the disease received only one dose before developing symptoms and being admitted to the hospital. Our observations suggest that vaccination could act in boosting the inflammatory process and reveal the previously asymptomatic COVID-19 illness. Theoretically, vaccines could induce VADE, where only suboptimal, nonprotective titers of neutralizing antibodies were produced or proinflammatory T-helper type 2 response was induced. Secondly, enhanced respiratory disease (ERD) could manifest, where pulmonary symptoms are more severe due to peribronchial monocytic and eosinophilic infiltration. Understanding VADE is important for the decision-making by the public, clinicians, and policymakers and is warranted for successful vaccination uptake. Conclusion. We report two cases of patients developing COVID-19 shortly after CoronaVac vaccination in which VADE is likely. We recommend that current vaccination strategies consider the measurement of neutralizing antibody titer as a guide in ensuring the safest strategy for mass immunization. Studies are needed to investigate the true incidence of VADE on vaccinated individuals as well as on how to differentiate between VADE and severe manifestations of COVID-19 that are unrelated to vaccination.

Quantifying Decision Making in the Critical Infrastructure via the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

2020 ◽  
pp. 465-477
Author(s):  
John S. Hurley
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Senior Leaders ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Logic Control ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Unique Nature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hierarchy Process

In this paper, we examine the benefits of a more quantifiable way to make decisions that enable senior leaders to better manage disruption of and attacks on the critical infrastructure. Most of the decisions have been made using intuition and in some cases unrelated experiences and have not particularly worked to the benefit of the sectors' performance and stability. Much of this is due to the history of the logic control systems and networks that were fairly isolated and much better protected. Attempts to reduce costs and secure many of the benefits of IP-based environments have unfortunately now also introduced some of the vulnerabilities indicative of IP-based systems into the logic environments. Senior leaders have not been used to these new ‘hybrid' information technology/operational technology (IT/OT) environments which though creating new opportunities also introduce new challenges. The unique nature of the critical infrastructure in which it is over 80%-owned by the private sector, often regulated by the federal government, and serves the interests and demands of the public, creates a non-trivial challenge at many different levels. More trust and cooperation between the three elements of society is surely a desired interest by the key stakeholders, but there are many concerns in terms of over-regulation, costs, and loss of intellectual property that have consistently sustained a level of discomfort between the three communities in terms of the priorities and self-serving interests of each other. The challenges of the low asymmetry entry and attribution within the cyber domain have raised the profile of many actors who would not even have previously registered in the ‘noise' on a trouble or problem scale. Now, the ability to determine those responsible, as well as, almost any actor having the ability to present a challenge to the environment have changed many of the dynamics in terms of how senior leaders must now operate and manage the appropriate systems and networks. Hence, for obvious reasons, senior leaders are much more cautious in their approach to decision making because of the potential consequences. This is especially true because cyber assets, though so valuable can be also so vulnerable. In this study, we will discuss a method that moves decision from a less arbitrary to a more data-centric, quantifiable approach that drives leadership to better and quicker decisions.

scholarly journals Qatar Digital Library: A New Phase of Digital Archives

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Ahmed Al-Mutawa
Keyword(s):  
Digital Library ◽  
British Library ◽  
Digital Archives ◽  
The Public ◽  
Historical Materials ◽  
Academic Researchers ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Collaboration Project ◽  
New Phase

Abstract Qatar Digital Library is a collaboration project by Qatar Foundation and the British Library to have an open access digital archive which aims to benefit people around the world. QDL offers cultural and historical materials of the Gulf and other regions and make it available online for everyone. The aim of QDL is to improve the understanding of the Islamic world, Arab cultural heritage, and the modern history of the Gulf for the public and the academic researchers.

scholarly journals Studies on Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Vaccination of 5-Day-Old Piglets

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 1865-1871 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. O'Neill ◽  
H. G. Shen ◽  
K. Lin ◽  
M. Hemann ◽  
N. M. Beach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Associated Lesions

ABSTRACTPorcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccines have become widely used since they became available in 2006. It is not uncommon for producers to use PCV2 vaccines in pigs younger than what is approved by manufacturers. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a chimeric and a subunit PCV2 vaccine administered at 5 or 21 days of age. Forty-eight PCV2-naïve piglets were randomly divided into six groups of eight pigs each. Vaccination was done at day 5 or day 21, followed by triple challenge with PCV2, porcine parvovirus (PPV), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) at day 49. Vaccinated pigs seroconverted to PCV2 approximately 14 days postvaccination and had a detectable neutralizing antibody response by 21 days postvaccination regardless of age at vaccination. At day 49, the pigs vaccinated with the chimeric vaccine had significantly higher levels of neutralizing antibodies than the pigs vaccinated with the subunit vaccine. After challenge, vaccinated pigs had significantly decreased levels of PCV2 viremia and a decreased prevalence and severity of microscopic lesions compared to the positive-control group, which had severe lymphoid lesions associated with abundant PCV2 antigen, compatible with PCV-associated disease. The results of this study indicate that, under the conditions of this study, vaccination of PCV2-naïve pigs at day 5 or day 21 resulted in development of a detectable humoral immune response and provided reduction or complete protection against PCV2 viremia and PCV2-associated lesions after triple challenge with PCV2, PPV, and PRRSV.

scholarly journals From idealistic rookies to a regional leader: The history of health technology assessment in Poland

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (S1) ◽  
pp. 156-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafał Niżankowski ◽  
Norbert Wilk
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Technology Assessment ◽  
Technology Assessment ◽  
Health Technology ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Public Payer

In 1989, Poland started to slowly release itself not only from the burden of a half-century of communist indoctrination and soviet exploitation, but also from the consequences of the Semashko model of healthcare organization: low doctors' salaries, primary care based on multispecialty groups, overdeveloped hospital infrastructure, and limited access to sophisticated interventions overcome by patients' unofficial payments.A few years after the 1998 workshop on health technology assessment (HTA) in Budapest, the first HTA reports were elaborated in the National Center for Quality Assessment in Health Care, which could mark the beginning of HTA in Poland. Several individuals and organizations have been involved in developing HTA, both from noncommercial and commercial standpoints.A goal to establish a national HTA agency appeared among the priorities of the Polish Ministry of Health in 2004 and was realized a year later. The Agency for HTA in Poland published guidelines on HTA and established a sound and transparent two-step (assessment-appraisal) process for preparing recommendations on public financing of both drugs and nondrug technologies. The recommendations of the Agency's Consultative Council were warmly welcomed by the public payer. However, the recent major restructuring of the Agency and new drug reimbursement decisions aroused doubts as to keeping transparency of the decision-making processes.

Quantifying Decision Making in the Critical Infrastructure via the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Hurley
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Senior Leaders ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Logic Control ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Unique Nature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hierarchy Process

In this paper, we examine the benefits of a more quantifiable way to make decisions that enable senior leaders to better manage disruption of and attacks on the critical infrastructure. Most of the decisions have been made using intuition and in some cases unrelated experiences and have not particularly worked to the benefit of the sectors' performance and stability. Much of this is due to the history of the logic control systems and networks that were fairly isolated and much better protected. Attempts to reduce costs and secure many of the benefits of IP-based environments have unfortunately now also introduced some of the vulnerabilities indicative of IP-based systems into the logic environments. Senior leaders have not been used to these new ‘hybrid' information technology/operational technology (IT/OT) environments which though creating new opportunities also introduce new challenges. The unique nature of the critical infrastructure in which it is over 80%-owned by the private sector, often regulated by the federal government, and serves the interests and demands of the public, creates a non-trivial challenge at many different levels. More trust and cooperation between the three elements of society is surely a desired interest by the key stakeholders, but there are many concerns in terms of over-regulation, costs, and loss of intellectual property that have consistently sustained a level of discomfort between the three communities in terms of the priorities and self-serving interests of each other. The challenges of the low asymmetry entry and attribution within the cyber domain have raised the profile of many actors who would not even have previously registered in the ‘noise' on a trouble or problem scale. Now, the ability to determine those responsible, as well as, almost any actor having the ability to present a challenge to the environment have changed many of the dynamics in terms of how senior leaders must now operate and manage the appropriate systems and networks. Hence, for obvious reasons, senior leaders are much more cautious in their approach to decision making because of the potential consequences. This is especially true because cyber assets, though so valuable can be also so vulnerable. In this study, we will discuss a method that moves decision from a less arbitrary to a more data-centric, quantifiable approach that drives leadership to better and quicker decisions.

A key linear epitope for a potent neutralizing antibody to SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Li ◽  
Xiaojian Han ◽  
Yingming Wang ◽  
Chenjian Gu ◽  
Jianwei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Epitope Mapping ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Linear Epitope ◽  
Mechanism Study ◽  
The Public ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Large Panel ◽  
Prevalent Form

AbstractThe spread of SARS-CoV-2 confers a serious threat to the public health without effective intervention strategies1–3. Its variant carrying mutated Spike (S) protein D614G (SD614G) has become the most prevalent form in the current global pandemic4,5. We have identified a large panel of potential neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 S6. Here, we focused on the top 20 potential NAbs for the mechanism study. Of them, the top 4 NAbs could individually neutralize both authentic SARS-CoV-2 and SD614G pseudovirus efficiently. Our epitope mapping revealed that 16/20 potent NAbs overlapped the same steric epitope. Excitingly, we found that one of these potent NAbs (58G6) exclusively bound to a linear epitope on S-RBD (termed as 58G6e), and the interaction of 58G6e and the recombinant ACE2 could be blocked by 58G6. We confirmed that 58G6e represented a key site of vulnerability on S-RBD and it could positively react with COVID-19 convalescent patients’ plasma. We are the first, as far as we know, to provide direct evidences of a linear epitope that can be recognized by a potent NAb against SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD. This study paves the way for the applications of these NAbs and the potential safe and effective vaccine design.

Boston

Urban Health ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 316-324
Author(s):  
Russ Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Urban Populations ◽  
History And Memory ◽  
The Public ◽  
New Development ◽  
History Of

Understanding the history of a place is essential for incorporating local concerns and values into decision-making. Most important, history is present whether we acknowledge it or not. Creating change and improving the lives and health of the public demands effective public policies. These policies must rest on the foundation of a city’s or neighborhood’s history. Channeling new development, preserving and protecting health, and meeting challenges posed by changing environmental conditions need the participation and support of thousands of people. These issues are never discussed in a vacuum, and no problems are solved without regard to history and memory. The Boston experience highlights the need for careful consideration of present conditions in order to prepare for the unknown future. This chapter discusses Boston as a case study, aiming to understand how history shapes cities and creates health in urban populations.

scholarly journals Intranasal administration of a monoclonal neutralizing antibody protects mice against SARS-CoV-2 infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandro Halwe ◽  
Alexandra Kupke ◽  
Kanika Vanshylla ◽  
Falk Liberta ◽  
Henning Gruell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Profile ◽  
Lung Pathology ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Intranasal Application ◽  
Important Drug

Despite recent availability of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), there is an urgent need for specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs. Monoclonal neutralizing antibodies are an important drug class in the global fight against the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic due to their ability to convey immediate protection and their potential to be used as both, prophylactic and therapeutic drugs. Clinically used neutralizing antibodies against respiratory viruses are currently injected intravenously, which can lead to suboptimal pulmonary bioavailability and thus to a lower effectiveness. Here we describe DZIF-10c, a fully human monoclonal neutralizing antibody that binds the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. DZIF-10c displays an exceptionally high neutralizing potency against SARS-CoV-2 and retains activity against the variants of concern B.1.1.7 and B.1.351. Importantly, not only systemic but also intranasal application of DZIF-10c abolished presence of infectious particles in the lungs of SARS-CoV-2 infected mice and mitigated lung pathology. Along with a favorable pharmacokinetic profile, these results highlight DZIF-10c as a novel human SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody with high in vitro and in vivo antiviral potency. The successful intranasal application of DZIF-10c paves the way for clinical trials investigating topical delivery of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.

Antibody Persistence After Primary Immunization With Trivalent Oral Poliovirus Vaccine

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-82
Author(s):  
Richard D. Krugman ◽  
George E. Hardy ◽  
Clyde Sellers ◽  
Paul D. Parkman ◽  
John J. Witte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽  
Antibody Persistence ◽  
Primary Series ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Immunization Series ◽  
Microneutralization Test

Five years after primary infant immunization with trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine, employing either a three-dose primary series as recommended by the U.S. Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) or a four-dose series as recommended by the Committee on Infectious Diseases of the American Academy of Pediatrics, 115 children were serologically tested for persistence of neutralizing antibodies by the microneutralization test. Of the 57 individuals immunized according to the ACIP recommendation, antibody persistence was demonstrated in 92% for type 1 poliovirus, 98% for type 2, and 84% for type 3. Of those 58 individuals originally receiving a four-dose primary infant immunization series, the persistence of antibody was 98% to type 1, 98% to type 2, and 87% to type 3. Twenty-one of 24 negative sera showed neutralizing ability when tested by a more sensitive plaque reduction test. Thus, individuals completing either immunization schedule demonstrated satisfactory persistence of neutralizing antibody to all three poliovirus types over a five-year period.

Type-3c Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes of Exocrine Pancreas - An Update

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 382-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subrat Kumar Bhattamisra ◽  
Tiew Chin Siang ◽  
Chieng Yi Rong ◽  
Naveenya Chetty Annan ◽  
Esther Ho Yung Sean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Pancreatic Enzyme ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Pancreatic Tissue ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Insufficient Knowledge

Background: The incidence of diabetes is increasing steeply; the number of diabetics has doubled over the past three decades. Surprisingly, the knowledge of type 3c diabetes mellitus (T3cDM) is still unclear to the researchers, scientist and medical practitioners, leading towards erroneous diagnosis, which is sometimes misdiagnosed as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), or more frequently type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review is aimed to outline recent information on the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic procedures, and therapeutic management of T3cDM patients. Methods: The literature related to T3cDM was thoroughly searched from the public domains and reviewed extensively to construct this article. Further, existing literature related to the other forms of diabetes is reviewed for projecting the differences among the different forms of diabetes. Detailed and updated information related to epidemiological evidence, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, pathogenesis and management is structured in this review. Results: T3cDM is often misdiagnosed as T2DM due to the insufficient knowledge differentiating between T2DM and T3cDM. The pathogenesis of T3cDM is explained which is often linked to the history of chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer. Inflammation, and fibrosis in pancreatic tissue lead to damage both endocrine and exocrine functions, thus leading to insulin/glucagon insufficiency and pancreatic enzyme deficiency. Conclusion: Future advancements should be accompanied by the establishment of a quick diagnostic tool through the understanding of potential biomarkers of the disease and newer treatments for better control of the diseased condition.

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