Metabolic rate and substrate oxidation of young males with obesity at the different sleep stages

This preliminarily study was made to examine the differences in sweat excretions from human eccrine and apocrine sweat glands in dynamic exercise and heat conditions. Sweat samples were collected from six young males while they were either running on a treadmill or sitting in a sauna cabinet. Sweat samples of at least 5 mL from the eccrine (upper−back) and apocrine (armpit) sweat glands were collected during a 20−min running (or inactive overheating) period. The samples were then analyzed for urea, uric acid, and electrolyte (Na+, Cl−, and K+) excretions. The results from a two−way repeated−measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the secretions of urea and K+ were significantly higher during running than during inactive overheating for both glands, as were Na+ secretions for the apocrine glands (all P < 0.05). Under the same sweating conditions, urea and K+ excretions from the apocrine glands were also higher than those from the eccrine glands (all P < 0.05). Significant differences were observed between the Na+ secretions of the apocrine and eccrine glands under the running condition. The effects of various sweating methods and sweat glands on Cl− secretions were nonsignificant, and little uric acid was excreted. A higher urea excretion level during running rather than in hot conditions could be attributed to an elevated metabolic rate.

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DHA supplementation decreases resting metabolic rate in healthy young females

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2019-0581 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 221-225

Author(s):

Sebastian Jannas-Vela ◽

Shannon L. Klingel ◽

David M. Mutch ◽

Lawrence L. Spriet

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Resting Metabolic Rate ◽

Resting Energy Expenditure ◽

Substrate Oxidation ◽

Acid Supplementation ◽

Young Females ◽

Independent Effects ◽

Healthy Females

This study examined the independent effects of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid supplementation on resting metabolic rate (RMR) and substrate oxidation in young healthy females and males. EPA or DHA supplementation had no effect on RMR and substrate oxidation in males, while DHA reduced RMR by ∼7% (p < 0.01) in females. In conclusion, these data establish potential sex differences on RMR in response to DHA supplements. Novelty Supplementing with DHA decreases resting energy expenditure in healthy young females but not males.

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Determinants of the acetate recovery factor: implications for estimation of [13C]substrate oxidation

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0980587 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 98 (5) ◽

pp. 587-592 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Patrick SCHRAUWEN ◽

Ellen E. BLAAK ◽

Dorien P. C. van AGGEL-LEIJSSEN ◽

Lars B. BORGHOUTS ◽

Anton J. M. WAGENMAKERS

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Rate ◽

Body Fat ◽

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽

Substrate Oxidation ◽

Individual Variability ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Recovery Factor ◽

Acid Oxidation ◽

Percentage Body Fat ◽

Oxidation Rates

When using 13C or 14C tracers to study substrate metabolism, an acetate correction factor should be applied to correct for loss of label in the exchange pathways of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. We have shown recently that the [13C]acetate recovery factor has a high inter-individual variability and should therefore be determined in every subject. In the present study we examined the factors that might explain some of the variability between subjects in acetate recovery factor. Data were pooled from four different studies with identical protocols, in which the acetate recovery factor was measured, prior to an intervention, to correct plasma fatty acid oxidation rates. Acetate recovery was measured after 2 h of [1,2-13C]acetate infusion at rest followed by 1 h of cycling exercise at 40–50% of maximal oxygen uptake. Inter-individual variance in acetate recovery was 12.0% at rest and 16.1% during exercise. Stepwise regression revealed that, at rest, 37.1% of the acetate recovery could be accounted for by basal metabolic rate adjusted for fat-free mass, percentage body fat and respiratory quotient (RQ). During exercise, 69.1% of the variance in acetate recovery could be accounted for by energy expenditure adjusted for fat-free mass, % body fat and RQ. In conclusion, we show that the acetate recovery factor has a high inter-individual variability, both at rest and during exercise, which can partly be accounted for by metabolic rate, RQ and % body fat. These data indicate that the acetate recovery factor needs to be determined in every subject, under similar conditions as used for the tracer-derived determination of substrate oxidation. Failure to do this might result in large under- or over-estimation of plasma substrate oxidation, and hence to artificial differences between groups.

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Metabolic rate and breathing during sleep

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1985.59.2.384 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 384-391 ◽

Cited By ~ 95

Author(s):

D. P. White ◽

J. V. Weil ◽

C. W. Zwillich

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Rate ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Sleep Stage ◽

Minute Ventilation ◽

Respiratory Control ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Co2 Production ◽

Sleep Stages ◽

Rapid Eye Movement ◽

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep

Recent investigation suggests that both ventilation (VE) and the chemical sensitivity of the respiratory control system correlate closely with measures of metabolic rate [O2 consumption (VO2) and CO2 production (VCO2)]. However, these associations have not been carefully investigated during sleep, and what little information is available suggests a deterioration of the relationships. As a result we measured VE, ventilatory pattern, VO2, and VCO2 during sleep in 21 normal subjects (11 males and 10 females) between the ages of 21 and 77 yr. When compared with values for awake subjects, expired ventilation decreased 8.2 +/- 2.3% (SE) during sleep and was associated with a 8.5 +/- 1.6% decrement in VO2 and a 12.3 +/- 1.7% reduction in VCO2, all P less than 0.01. The decrease in ventilation was a product primarily of a significant decrease in tidal volume with little change in frequency. None of these findings were dependent on sleep stage with results in rapid-eye-movement (REM) and non-rapid-eye-movement sleep being similar. Through all sleep stages ventilation remained tightly correlated with VO2 and VCO2 both within a given individual and between subjects. Although respiratory rhythmicity was somewhat variable during REM sleep, minute ventilation continued to correlate with VO2 and VCO2. None of the parameters described above were influenced by age or gender, with male and female subjects demonstrating similar findings. Ten of the subjects demonstrated at least occasional apneas. These individuals, however, were not found to differ from those without apnea in any other measure of ventilation or metabolic rate.

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Lactose and Digestible Maltodextrin in Milk Replacers Differently Affect Energy Metabolism and Substrate Oxidation: A Calorimetric Study in Piglets

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/nxaa296 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 150 (12) ◽

pp. 3114-3122

Author(s):

Caroline Clouard ◽

Corentin Lannuzel ◽

Cindy Le Bourgot ◽

Walter J J Gerrits

Keyword(s):

Energy Metabolism ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Linear Models ◽

Resting Metabolic Rate ◽

Age Groups ◽

Milk Powder ◽

Substrate Oxidation ◽

Milk Replacer ◽

Calorimetric Study ◽

Milk Replacers

ABSTRACT Background In recent years, lactose-free infant formulas have been increasingly used. Digestible maltodextrins are commonly used as a substitute for lactose in these formulas, but the effects on energy metabolism are unknown. Objective We aimed to evaluate the differences in energy metabolism and substrate oxidation in piglets fed milk replacers containing lactose compared with maltodextrin as the only source of carbohydrates. Methods Piglets (Tempo × Topigs 20) from 8 litters were fed milk replacers containing lactose or maltodextrin (28% w/w, milk powder basis) from 1 to 9 wk of age (n = 4 litters/milk replacer). At 5 wk of age, 4 females and 4 entire males (mean ± SEM bodyweight, 10 ± 0.3 kg) were selected per litter, and housed in 16 groups of 4 littermates, with 2 females and 2 males per pen (n = 8 groups/milk replacer). Between 7 and 9 wk of age, groups were housed for 72 h in climate respiration chambers, and fed their experimental milk replacer in 2 meals per day, at 08:30 and 16:30. Heat production data were calculated from the continuous measurement of gaseous exchanges and analyzed using general linear models in SAS. Results Resting metabolic rate was 6% less in maltodextrin- than in lactose-fed piglets, notably before the morning meal. The postprandial respiratory quotient was 13% greater in maltodextrin- than in lactose-fed piglets after both meals. Net rates of carbohydrate oxidation were on average 5% greater in maltodextrin- than in lactose-fed piglets, particularly after the afternoon meal, whereas net rates of fat oxidation were 9% less in maltodextrin- than in lactose-fed piglets, particularly after the morning meal. Conclusions Compared with lactose, maltodextrin in milk replacers reduced resting metabolic rate in the fasting state, and induced a shift in postprandial substrate oxidation profiles in pigs. Further research is warranted to evaluate the consequences of these metabolic changes for body composition.

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Relationship between sleep stages and metabolic rate in humans

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1994.267.5.e732 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 267 (5) ◽

pp. E732-E737 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

A. M. Fontvieille ◽

R. Rising ◽

M. Spraul ◽

D. E. Larson ◽

E. Ravussin

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Fast Response ◽

Open Circuit ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Sleep Stages ◽

Minor Role ◽

Pima Indians ◽

Within Subjects ◽

A Minor

Differences in sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) among subjects may be related to different levels of energy expenditure associated with sleep stages. The relationship between energy expenditure and sleep stages was investigated overnight in 29 subjects (14 Caucasians and 15 Pima Indians, 18 males and 11 females; mean +/- SD, 31 +/- 7 yr, 83 +/- 26 kg, 27 +/- 11% fat). Sleep stages were determined by electroencephalogram recording, whereas energy expenditure was measured in a 1,000-liter Plexiglas sleep box constructed around a bed as a fast-response open-circuit indirect calorimeter. Eighty-five percent of the interindividual variability in SMR was explained by differences in fat-free mass, fat mass, age, sex, and race (r2 = 0.85). The intra-individual variance in SMR over time was related to sleep stages and to clock time. Within subjects, SMR in stage 3 was significantly lower than in stage 2 (-39 +/- 18 kcal/day; P < 0.05) and rapid eye movement sleep (-51 +/- 23 kcal/day; P < 0.05). Also, sleep stages were associated with different respiratory quotients. Because sleep stages are associated with only small differences in energy metabolism, our results suggest that sleep stages play a minor role in the variance of SMR among subjects. However, the duration of sleep may contribute to the variability of 24-h energy expenditure.

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Effects of a Single Dose of BURN-XT™ on Resting Metabolic Rate, Substrate Oxidation, and Various Indices of Affect

Journal of Exercise and Nutrition ◽

10.53520/jen2022.103113 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Michael La Monica ◽

Tim Ziegenfuss ◽

Hector Lopez

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Single Dose ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Weight Management ◽

Resting Metabolic Rate ◽

Vital Signs ◽

Resting Energy Expenditure ◽

Substrate Oxidation ◽

Double Blind ◽

Over The Counter

Introduction: Many consumers use dietary supplements in the hopes of increasing energy and burning more calories, which if sustained over time may help accelerate weight loss. The purpose of this clinical trial was to investigate the effects of an over-the-counter thermogenic supplement called Burn-XT™ (BXT) on metabolic rate, substrate oxidation, and various psychometric indices of affect that impact weight management. Methods: Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design, 16 women and 10 men (29.3 ± 7.3 yr, 169.4 ± 8.6 cm, 75.5 ± 14.3 kg) underwent two testing sessions: placebo (PL) and BXT. Seated metabolic rate and substrate oxidation, vital signs, and anchored visual analogue scale (VAS) assessments of energy, mood, motivation, focus, fatigue, concentration, and appetite were made before supplementation and hourly for three hours post-ingestion. Two-factor (2x4) factorial ANOVAs and paired sample t-tests (corrected for multiple comparisons) were used for analyses. Results: Significant increases in metabolic rate (oxygen consumption) were noted at 60 minutes in BXT (+11.9 mL O2/min) vs. PL (-2.5 mL O2/min), p = 0.004, d = -0.74. Only BXT increased metabolic rate compared to baseline at 60 minutes (+11.9 mL O2/min, p = 0.021, d = -0.53) and 120 minutes (+12.1 mL O2/min, p = 0.019, d = -0.54). The AUC for resting energy expenditure increased more in BXT vs. PL (p = 0.007, d = -0.57). VAS detected significant improvements in energy, mood, focus, and concentration for BXT vs. PL at 120 and 180 minutes (all p < 0.05, d = -0.58 to -0.68). In all cases, within-group changes from baseline for these VAS parameters were significant (all p < 0.05, d = -0.76 to -1.38) in BXT but not in PL. No within or between group differences in appetite, substrate oxidation, or heart rate were noted. Small (~3-4 mm Hg), but statistically significant (p < 0.05, d = -0.51 to -0.69) increases in diastolic blood pressure were noted in BXT at 60, 120, and 180 min vs. PL; and in systolic blood pressure at 60 min vs. PL. In all cases, values remained within normal clinical hemodynamic ranges. Conclusions: A single dose of BXT safely increased metabolic rate, energy, mood, focus, and concentration. Given that these factors are known to favorably impact weight management, future studies should determine whether daily supplementation with BXT reduces body weight and improves body composition.

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Maltodextrins vs lactose alters resting metabolic rate and substrate oxidation in piglets

Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition ◽

10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_83 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

C. Clouard ◽

S. de Vries ◽

C. Lannuzel ◽

F. Respondek ◽

C. Le Bourgot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Rate ◽

Resting Metabolic Rate ◽

Substrate Oxidation

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Mitochondrial metabolism during daily torpor in the dwarf Siberian hamster: role of active regulated changes and passive thermal effects

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00310.2007 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 293 (5) ◽

pp. R1833-R1845 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Jason C. L. Brown ◽

Alexander R. Gerson ◽

James F. Staples

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Rate ◽

Mitochondrial Respiration ◽

Thermal Effects ◽

Substrate Oxidation ◽

Daily Torpor ◽

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane ◽

Temperature Dependent ◽

Oxidation Capacity ◽

Siberian Hamster

During daily torpor in the dwarf Siberian hamster, Phodopus sungorus, metabolic rate is reduced by 65% compared with the basal rate, but the mechanisms involved are contentious. We examined liver mitochondrial respiration to determine the possible role of active regulated changes and passive thermal effects in the reduction of metabolic rate. When assayed at 37°C, state 3 (phosphorylating) respiration, but not state 4 (nonphosphorylating) respiration, was significantly lower during torpor compared with normothermia, suggesting that active regulated changes occur during daily torpor. Using top-down elasticity analysis, we determined that these active changes in torpor included a reduced substrate oxidation capacity and an increased proton conductance of the inner mitochondrial membrane. At 15°C, mitochondrial respiration was at least 75% lower than at 37°C, but there was no difference between normothermia and torpor. This implies that the active regulated changes are likely more important for reducing respiration at high temperatures (i.e., during entrance) and/or have effects other than reducing respiration at low temperatures. The decrease in respiration from 37°C to 15°C resulted predominantly from a considerable reduction of substrate oxidation capacity in both torpid and normothermic animals. Temperature-dependent changes in proton leak and phosphorylation kinetics depended on metabolic state; proton leakiness increased in torpid animals but decreased in normothermic animals, whereas phosphorylation activity decreased in torpid animals but increased in normothermic animals. Overall, we have shown that both active and passive changes to oxidative phosphorylation occur during daily torpor in this species, contributing to reduced metabolic rate.

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Resistance Training and Energy Balance

International Journal of Sport Nutrition ◽

10.1123/ijsn.8.2.143 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 143-159 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Eric T. Poehlman ◽

Christopher Melby

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

Resting Metabolic Rate ◽

Substrate Oxidation ◽

Daily Energy Expenditure ◽

Daily Energy

In this brief review we examine the effects of resistance training on energy expenditure. The components of daily energy expenditure are described, and methods of measuring daily energy expenditure are discussed. Cross-sectional and exercise intervention studies are examined with respect to their effects on resting metabolic rate, physical activity energy expenditure, postexercise oxygen consumption, and substrate oxidation in younger and older individuals. Evidence is presented to suggest that although resistance training may elevate resting metabolic rate, il does not substantially enhance daily energy expenditure in free-living individuals. Several studies indicate that intense resistance exercise increases postexercise oxygen consumption and shifts substrate oxidation toward a greater reliance on fat oxidation. Preliminary evidence suggests that although resistance training increases muscular strength and endurance, its effects on energy balance and regulation of body weight appear to be primarily mediated by its effects on body composition (e.g., increasing fat-free mass) rather than by the direct energy costs of the resistance exercise.

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