Physiological impact of flavonoids on nodulation and ureide metabolism in legume plants

Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) has gained widespread acceptance as a safe and effective therapeutic strategy for congestive heart failure (CHF) refractory to optimal medical therapy. The use of implantable devices has substantially altered the natural history of systolic heart failure. These devices exert their physiological impact through ventricular remodelling, associated with a reduction in left ventricular (LV) volumes and an improvement in ejection fraction (EF). Several prospective randomised studies have shown that this in turn translates into long-term clinical benefits such as improved quality of life, increased functional capacity and reduction in hospitalisation for heart failure and overall mortality. Despite these obvious benefits, there remain more than a few unresolved concerns, the most important being that up to one-third of patients treated with CRT do not derive any detectable benefit. There are several determinants of successful delivery and response to CRT, including selecting the appropriate patient, patient-specific optimal LV pacing lead placement and appropriate post-implant device care and follow-up. This article highlights the importance of collectively working on all of these aspects of CRT to enhance and maximise response.

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Protective clothing for firefighters - Physiological impact

10.3403/30386390 ◽

2019 ◽

Keyword(s):

Protective Clothing ◽

Physiological Impact

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Cytokinin N-glucosides: Occurrence, Metabolism and Biological Activities in Plants

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom11010024 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 24

Author(s):

Eva Pokorná ◽

Tomáš Hluska ◽

Petr Galuszka ◽

H. Tucker Hallmark ◽

Petre I. Dobrev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Physiological Effects ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Plant Growth And Development ◽

The Past ◽

Complex Process ◽

Considerable Impact ◽

Physiological Impact

Cytokinins (CKs) are a class of phytohormones affecting many aspects of plant growth and development. In the complex process of CK homeostasis in plants, N-glucosylation represents one of the essential metabolic pathways. Its products, CK N7- and N9-glucosides, have been largely overlooked in the past as irreversible and inactive CK products lacking any relevant physiological impact. In this work, we report a widespread distribution of CK N-glucosides across the plant kingdom proceeding from evolutionary older to younger plants with different proportions between N7- and N9-glucosides in the total CK pool. We show dramatic changes in their profiles as well as in expression levels of the UGT76C1 and UGT76C2 genes during Arabidopsis ontogenesis. We also demonstrate specific physiological effects of CK N-glucosides in CK bioassays including their antisenescent activities, inhibitory effects on root development, and activation of the CK signaling pathway visualized by the CK-responsive YFP reporter line, TCSv2::3XVENUS. Last but not least, we present the considerable impact of CK N7- and N9-glucosides on the expression of CK-related genes in maize and their stimulatory effects on CK oxidase/dehydrogenase activity in oats. Our findings revise the apparent irreversibility and inactivity of CK N7- and N9-glucosides and indicate their involvement in CK evolution while suggesting their unique function(s) in plants.

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The Entorhinal Cortical Alvear Pathway Differentially Excites Pyramidal Cells and Interneuron Subtypes in Hippocampal CA1

Cerebral Cortex ◽

10.1093/cercor/bhaa359 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Karen A Bell ◽

Rayne Delong ◽

Priyodarshan Goswamee ◽

A Rory McQuiston

Keyword(s):

Brain Slices ◽

Pyramidal Cells ◽

Excitatory Input ◽

Theta Burst Stimulation ◽

Ca1 Pyramidal Cells ◽

Whole Cell Patch Clamp ◽

Hippocampal Ca1 ◽

Physiological Impact ◽

Theta Burst ◽

Synaptic Responses

Abstract The entorhinal cortex alvear pathway is a major excitatory input to hippocampal CA1, yet nothing is known about its physiological impact. We investigated the alvear pathway projection and innervation of neurons in CA1 using optogenetics and whole cell patch clamp methods in transgenic mouse brain slices. Using this approach, we show that the medial entorhinal cortical alvear inputs onto CA1 pyramidal cells (PCs) and interneurons with cell bodies located in stratum oriens were monosynaptic, had low release probability, and were mediated by glutamate receptors. Optogenetic theta burst stimulation was unable to elicit suprathreshold activation of CA1 PCs but was capable of activating CA1 interneurons. However, different subtypes of interneurons were not equally affected. Higher burst action potential frequencies were observed in parvalbumin-expressing interneurons relative to vasoactive-intestinal peptide-expressing or a subset of oriens lacunosum-moleculare (O-LM) interneurons. Furthermore, alvear excitatory synaptic responses were observed in greater than 70% of PV and VIP interneurons and less than 20% of O-LM cells. Finally, greater than 50% of theta burst-driven inhibitory postsynaptic current amplitudes in CA1 PCs were inhibited by optogenetic suppression of PV interneurons. Therefore, our data suggest that the alvear pathway primarily affects hippocampal CA1 function through feedforward inhibition of select interneuron subtypes.

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Physiological impact of in vivo stable isotope tracing on cancer metabolism

Molecular Metabolism ◽

10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101294 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 101294

Author(s):

Manuel Grima-Reyes ◽

Adriana Martinez-Turtos ◽

Ifat Abramovich ◽

Eyal Gottlieb ◽

Johanna Chiche ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stable Isotope ◽

Cancer Metabolism ◽

Isotope Tracing ◽

Physiological Impact

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Extracellular DNA of slow growers of mycobacteria and its contribution to biofilm formation and drug tolerance

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-90156-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Aleksandr Ilinov ◽

Akihito Nishiyama ◽

Hiroki Namba ◽

Yukari Fukushima ◽

Hayato Takihara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biofilm Formation ◽

Drug Tolerance ◽

Extracellular Dna ◽

Exponential Growth Phase ◽

Human Pathogens ◽

Pellicle Formation ◽

Phage Dna ◽

Physiological Impact ◽

Slow Growing ◽

Growth And Reproduction

AbstractDNA is basically an intracellular molecule that stores genetic information and carries instructions for growth and reproduction in all cellular organisms. However, in some bacteria, DNA has additional roles outside the cells as extracellular DNA (eDNA), which is an essential component of biofilm formation and hence antibiotic tolerance. Mycobacteria include life-threating human pathogens, most of which are slow growers. However, little is known about the nature of pathogenic mycobacteria’s eDNA. Here we found that eDNA is present in slow-growing mycobacterial pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. intracellulare, and M. avium at exponential growth phase. In contrast, eDNA is little in all tested rapid-growing mycobacteria. The physiological impact of disrupted eDNA on slow-growing mycobacteria include reduced pellicle formation, floating biofilm, and enhanced susceptibility to isoniazid and amikacin. Isolation and sequencing of eDNA revealed that it is identical to the genomic DNA in M. tuberculosis and M. intracellulare. In contrast, accumulation of phage DNA in eDNA of M. avium, suggests that the DNA released differs among mycobacterial species. Our data show important functions of eDNA necessary for biofilm formation and drug tolerance in slow-growing mycobacteria.

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