Payne effect of carbon black filled natural rubber compounds and their carbon black gels

Polymer ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
pp. 121953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongjia Xu ◽  
Yihu Song ◽  
Qiang Zheng
Author(s):  
Xuanyu Shi ◽  
Shihao Sun ◽  
An Zhao ◽  
Haimo Zhang ◽  
Min Zuo ◽  
...  

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 1454-1463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunchang Gan ◽  
Zi Liang Wu ◽  
Huilong Xu ◽  
Yihu Song ◽  
Qiang Zheng

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
An Zhao ◽  
Xuan-Yu Shi ◽  
Shi-Hao Sun ◽  
Hai-Mo Zhang ◽  
Min Zuo ◽  
...  

2017 ◽  
Vol 744 ◽  
pp. 282-287
Author(s):  
Sarawut Prasertsri ◽  
Sansanee Srichan

This research aimed to develop the formulation of natural rubber filled with carbon black, silica and calcium carbonate for rubber calf nipple application. The reverse engineering was performed on the calf nipple product to analyze the rubber type and component by using Soxhlet extraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Furthermore, mechanical properties were examined to act as benchmark for the rubber compound design. The results showed that rubber component in the nipple product was natural rubber, whereas two filler types revealed as carbon black and calcium carbonate with 10 and 35 of the total weight. In addition, rubber nipple showed the hardness of 46±1 Shore A and tensile strength of 5.3±0.60 MPa. From the investigation of the properties of developed rubber compounds in this work, it was found that the mechanical properties depended on type and content of filler. The required mechanical properties of vulcanizates were achieved at 20 phr of carbon black (N330), 20 phr of silica and 120 phr of calcium carbonate.


2017 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Hayichelaeh ◽  
L. A. E. M. Reuvekamp ◽  
W. K. Dierkes ◽  
A. Blume ◽  
J. W. M. Noordermeer ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Diphenyl guanidine (DPG) is the most commonly used secondary accelerator in silica-reinforced rubber compounds because of its additional positive effect on the silanization reaction and deactivation of free silanol groups that are left over after the silanization. However, because of health and safety concerns about the use of DPG, which decomposes to give highly toxic aniline during high processing temperature, safe alternatives are required. This work investigates the effect of various types of aliphatic amines having alkyl or cyclic structures and similar pKa (i.e., hexylamine [HEX], decylamine [DEC], octadecylamine [OCT], cyclohexylamine [CYC], dicyclohexylamine [DIC], and quinuclidine [QUI]) on the properties of silica-reinforced natural rubber (NR) compounds by taking the ones with DPG and without amine as references. When compared with the compound without amine, the use of all amine types reduces filler–filler interaction (i.e., the Payne effect) and enhances filler–rubber interaction, as indicated by bound rubber content and decreased heat capacity increment. The amines with alkyl chains can reduce the Payne effect and enhance cure rate to a greater extent compared with the amines with cyclic rings as a result of better accessibility toward the silica surface and a shielding effect because of less steric hindrance. The longer carbon tails on linear aliphatic amines ranging from HEX, DEC, to OCT lead to a lower Payne effect, lower heat capacity increment, higher bound rubber content, and higher modulus as well as tensile strength. Overall, the use of OCT provides silica-reinforced NR compounds with properties closest to the reference one with DPG and can act as a potential alternative for DPG.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sattayanurak ◽  
J. W. M. Noordermeer ◽  
K. Sahakaro ◽  
W. Kaewsakul ◽  
W. K. Dierkes ◽  
...  

Modern fuel-saving tire treads are commonly reinforced by silica due to the fact that this leads to lower rolling resistance and higher wet grip compared to carbon black-filled alternatives. The introduction of secondary fillers into the silica-reinforced tread compounds, often named hybrid fillers, may have the potential to improve tire performance further. In the present work, two secondary fillers organoclay nanofiller and N134 carbon black were added to silica-based natural rubber compounds at a proportion of silica/secondary filler of 45/10 phr. The compounds were prepared with variable mixing temperatures based on the mixing procedure commonly in use for silica-filled NR systems. The results of Mooney viscosity, Payne effect, cure behavior, and mechanical properties imply that the silica hydrophobation and coupling reaction of the silane coupling agent with silica and elastomer are significantly influenced by organoclay due to an effect of its modifier: an organic ammonium derivative. This has an effect on scorch safety and cure rate. The compounds where carbon black was added as a secondary filler do not show this behavior. They give inferior filler dispersion compared to the pure silica-filled compound, attributed to an inappropriate high mixing temperature and the high specific surface area of the carbon black used. The dynamic properties indicate that there is a potential to improve wet traction and rolling resistance of a tire tread when using organoclay as secondary filler, while the combination of carbon black in silica-filled NR does not change these properties.


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