Social anxiety as a precursor for depression: Influence of interpersonal rejection and attention to emotional stimuli

2019 ◽  
Vol 275 ◽  
pp. 296-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morganne A. Kraines ◽  
Evan J. White ◽  
DeMond M. Grant ◽  
Tony T. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Interpersonal Rejection

Common and differential alterations of general emotion processing in obsessive-compulsive and social anxiety disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 1427-1436 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Weidt ◽  
J. Lutz ◽  
M. Rufer ◽  
A. Delsignore ◽  
N. J. Jakob ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Biased Perception

BackgroundObsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD) are characterized by biased perception and processing of potentially threatening stimuli. A hyper-reactivity of the fear-circuit [e.g. amygdala, anterior cingulate (ACC)] has been consistently reported using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in SAD in comparison with healthy controls (HCs). Studies investigating the processing of specific emotional stimuli in OCD reported mainly orbitofrontal-striatal abnormalities. The goal of this study was to examine similar/common and differential neurobiological responses in OCD and SAD using unspecific emotional stimuli.MethodFifty-four subjects participated: two groups (each n = 18) of outpatients with a current diagnosis of OCD or SAD, and 18 HCs. All subjects underwent fMRI while anticipating and perceiving unspecific visual stimuli with prior announced emotional valence (e.g. positive).ResultsCompared to HCs, the combined patient group showed increased activation in amygdala, caudate and prefrontal/orbitofrontal cortex while anticipating unspecific emotional stimuli. Caudate was more active in the combined patient group during perception. A comparison between the OCD and the SAD samples revealed increased amygdala and decreased rostral ACC activation in OCD patients during perception, but no differences in the anticipation phase.ConclusionsOverall, we could identify common fronto-subcortical hyper-reactivity in OCD and SAD while anticipating and perceiving unspecific emotional stimuli. While differential neurobiological responses between OCD and SAD when processing specific stimuli are evident from the literature, differences were less pronounced using unspecific stimuli. This could indicate a disturbance of emotion regulation common to both OCD and SAD.

scholarly journals Emotional responses to interpersonal rejection

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-441 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Relational Value ◽  
Interpersonal Rejection ◽  
Hurt Feelings ◽  
Emotional Systems ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Evolutionary Fitness

A great deal of human emotion arises in response to real, anticipated, remembered, or imagined rejection by other people. Because acceptance by other people improved evolutionary fitness, human beings developed biopsychological mechanisms to apprise them of threats to acceptance and belonging, along with emotional systems to deal with threats to acceptance. This article examines seven emotions that often arise when people perceive that their relational value to other people is low or in potential jeopardy, including hurt feelings, jealousy, loneliness, shame, guilt, social anxiety, and embarrassment. Other emotions, such as sadness and anger, may occur during rejection episodes, but are reactions to features of the situation other than low relational value. The article discusses the evolutionary functions of rejection-related emotions, neuroscience evidence regarding the brain regions that mediate reactions to rejection, and behavioral research from social, developmental, and clinical psychology regarding psychological and behavioral concomitants of interpersonal rejection.

scholarly journals The Brain Activation of Anxiety Disorders During Emotional Stimulations: A Coordinate-Based Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia Liu ◽  
Xiuzhen Wang ◽  
Yongchao Li ◽  
Shanling Ji ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Activation Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Panic Disorders ◽  
Specific Phobias

Abstract Many studies have been analyzed the state of brain activation about anxiety under neuroimaging experiments with emotional stimuli. However, there is no meta-analysis to assess the commonality and specificity activation of different anxiety subtypes. Here, we used the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) to define the common and different activation between different subtypes of anxiety. A total of 29 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies revealed significantly increased bilateral amygdala, anterior cingulate gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus activation in anxiety during emotional stimuli. Moreover, we observed the decreased activations in the posterior cingulate, lingual gyrus, and precuneus. In subanalyses of anxiety disorders, the increased activation of generalized anxiety and specific phobias are present in the left hippocampus and thalamus, respectively. Social anxiety and panic disorders showed increased activation in the parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, thalamus, and insula. Social anxiety, generalized anxiety, and panic disorders displayed decreased activations in the fusiform gyrus, posterior cingulate, and specific phobias exhibited in the medial frontal gyrus. Although different anxiety showed dissimilar activations, the principal activations were observed in the limbic lobe, which might indicate the limbic circuit was a neural reflection of anxiety symptoms.

Attentional Bias Among Adolescents Who Stutter: Evidence for a Vigilance–Avoidance Effect

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 3349-3363
Author(s):  
Naomi H. Rodgers ◽  
Jennifer Y. F. Lau ◽  
Patricia M. Zebrowski
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Cutoff Score ◽  
Attentional Disengagement ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Facial Stimuli ◽  
The Social ◽  
Attentional Engagement ◽  
High Social Anxiety

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine group and individual differences in attentional bias toward and away from socially threatening facial stimuli among adolescents who stutter and age- and sex-matched typically fluent controls. Method Participants included 86 adolescents (43 stuttering, 43 controls) ranging in age from 13 to 19 years. They completed a computerized dot-probe task, which was modified to allow for separate measurement of attentional engagement with and attentional disengagement from facial stimuli (angry, fearful, neutral expressions). Their response time on this task was the dependent variable. Participants also completed the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A) and provided a speech sample for analysis of stuttering-like behaviors. Results The adolescents who stutter were more likely to engage quickly with threatening faces than to maintain attention on neutral faces, and they were also more likely to disengage quickly from threatening faces than to maintain attention on those faces. The typically fluent controls did not show any attentional preference for the threatening faces over the neutral faces in either the engagement or disengagement conditions. The two groups demonstrated equivalent levels of social anxiety that were both, on average, very close to the clinical cutoff score for high social anxiety, although degree of social anxiety did not influence performance in either condition. Stuttering severity did not influence performance among the adolescents who stutter. Conclusion This study provides preliminary evidence for a vigilance–avoidance pattern of attentional allocation to threatening social stimuli among adolescents who stutter.

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