scholarly journals Prenatal and postnatal cortisol and testosterone are related to parental caregiving quality in fathers, but not in mothers

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 94-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Bos ◽  
Christine Hechler ◽  
Roseriet Beijers ◽  
Kazuyuki Shinohara ◽  
Gianluca Esposito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parental Caregiving ◽  
Caregiving Quality

scholarly journals Parent–Infant Attachment Insecurity and Emotional Eating in Adolescence: Mediation through Emotion Suppression and Alexithymia

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1662
Author(s):  
Roseriet Beijers ◽  
Marta Miragall ◽  
Yvonne van den Berg ◽  
Hanna Konttinen ◽  
Tatjana van Strien
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Attachment Security ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Attachment Insecurity ◽  
Strange Situation ◽  
Infant Attachment ◽  
Parental Caregiving ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategy ◽  
Early Parent ◽  
Caregiving Quality

Emotional eating (EE), the propensity to eat in response to emotions, is thought to have its origins in the early parent–infant relationship. This study tested the hypothesis that infant attachment insecurity results in EE in adolescence through the increased use of the emotion regulation strategy suppression of emotions and subsequent alexithymia. At the age of 15 months, parent–infant attachment security (n = 129) was observed with two abbreviated attachment measures: the shortened strange situation procedure (SSSP), and the shortened attachment Q-set (S-AQS). At the age of 12 years, children completed self-report questionnaires to assess the suppression of emotions, alexithymia, and EE. At the age of 16 years, EE was measured again. The mediation models indicated that lower parent–infant attachment security predicted increased use of suppression of emotions, which was related to increased alexithymia, and in turn more EE at the age of 12 years. These results were similar and significant for both attachment measures, and also (marginal) significant with EE at the age of 16 years as an outcome. Lastly, when parental caregiving quality was included, the models with the SSSP as predictor remained significant, but the models with the S-AQS became insignificant. These results indicated that to a certain extent, infant attachment security could predict adolescent EE above and beyond parental caregiving quality.

scholarly journals Associations Among Parental Caregiving Quality, Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Expression-Based Polygenic Scores, and Infant-Parent Attachment: Evidence for Differential Genetic Susceptibility?

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia Potter-Dickey ◽  
Nicole Letourneau ◽  
Patricia P. Silveira ◽  
Henry Ntanda ◽  
Gerald F. Giesbrecht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Attachment Security ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptor ◽  
Maternal Sensitivity ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Polygenic Risk Score ◽  
Parental Caregiving ◽  
Polygenic Scores ◽  
Caregiving Quality

Attachment is a biological evolutionary system contributing to infant survival. When primary caregivers/parents are sensitive and responsive to their infants’ needs, infants develop a sense of security. Secure infant attachment has been linked to healthy brain and organ-system development. Belsky and colleagues proposed the term differential susceptibility to describe context-dependent associations between genetic variations and behavioral outcomes as a function of parenting environments. Variations in the Cannabinoid Receptor Gene 1 (CNR1) are associated with memory, mood, and reward and connote differential susceptibility to more and less optimal parental caregiving quality in predicting children’s behavioral problems.AimTo determine if parental caregiving quality interacts with children’s expression-based polygenic risk score (ePRS) for the CNR1 gene networks in the prefrontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus in predicting the probability of attachment security and disorganized attachment.DesignProspective correlational methods examined maternal-infant pairs (n = 142) from which infants provided DNA samples at 3 months. Parental caregiving quality was assessed via the Child Adult Relationship Experiment (CARE)-index at 6 months, and attachment security via the Strange Situation Procedure at a mean age of 22 months. The CNR1 ePRSs include genes co-expressed with the CNR1 genes in the prefrontal cortex, striatum, or hippocampus, and were calculated using the effect size of the association between the individual single nucleotide polymorphisms from those genes and region-specific gene expression (GTEx). Logistic regression was employed (alpha < 0.05, two-tailed) to examine the main and interaction effects between parental caregiving quality and ePRSs in predicting attachment patterns. Interpretation of results was aided by analyses that distinguished between differential susceptibility and diathesis-stress.ResultsSignificant interactions were observed between (1) maternal sensitivity and ePRS in the striatum in predicting attachment security, (2) maternal unresponsiveness with the ePRS in the hippocampus in predicting disorganization, and (3) maternal controlling with the ePRS in the hippocampus in predicting disorganization.ConclusionThese findings offer support for genetic differential susceptibility to the quality of maternal sensitivity in the context of the ePRS in the striatum. However, the significant interactions between hippocampal ePRS and maternal unresponsiveness and controlling in predicting the probability of disorganization were more suggestive of the diathesis-stress model.

Maternal Perception of Infants’ Expressions of Emotion

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Krippl ◽  
Stephanie Ast-Scheitenberger ◽  
Ina Bovenschen ◽  
Gottfried Spangler
Keyword(s):  
Response Pattern ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Startle Amplitude ◽  
Caregiving System ◽  
Parental Caregiving ◽  
Opponent Process ◽  
Opponent Process Theory ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
Methodological Considerations

In light of Lang’s differentiation of the aversive and the approach system – and assumptions stemming from attachment theory – this study investigates the role of the approach or caregiving system for processing infant emotional stimuli by comparing IAPS pictures, infant pictures, and videos. IAPS pictures, infant pictures, and infant videos of positive, neutral, or negative content were presented to 69 mothers, accompanied by randomized startle probes. The assessment of emotional responses included subjective ratings of valence and arousal, corrugator activity, the startle amplitude, and electrodermal activity. In line with Lang’s original conception, the typical startle response pattern was found for IAPS pictures, whereas no startle modulation was observed for infant pictures. Moreover, the startle amplitudes during negative video scenes depicting crying infants were reduced. The results are discussed with respect to several theoretical and methodological considerations, including Lang’s theory, emotion regulation, opponent process theory, and the parental caregiving system.

scholarly journals Perceptions of Caregiving: Racial Examinations of Resiliency and Stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 352-352
Author(s):  
Athena Koumoutzis ◽  
Kelly Cichy
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Stress Process Model ◽  
Parental Caregiving ◽  
The Family ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Midlife Adults ◽  
Emotional Strain

Abstract Adult children are at risk of emotional strain when parental caregiving needs emerge. Pearlin’s Stress Process Model (1990) and caregiver studies suggest minority caregivers report lower subjective caregiving burden, however, few studies simultaneously consider both the stresses and rewards of caregiving. Using data from Wave II of the Family Exchange Study (N = 243), we examine racial differences in midlife adults’ perceptions (i.e., stress and rewards) of assisting their parents with activities of daily living (ADLs) and the associations between perceptions of ADL assistance and emotional well-being among adults who help their parents with ADLs. Compared to non-minority caregivers (M = 4.18, SD = 0.91), minority caregivers (M = 4.45, SD = 0.84) found it more rewarding to help their mother (t(314) = -2.54, p < .05), whereas non-minority caregivers (M = 2.25, SD = .1.27) found it more stressful to help their father than did minority caregivers (M = 1.64, SD = 0.99), t(162) = 3.01, p < .01). After controlling for demographics and ADL needs, linear regression analyses revealed that the stress of helping parents predicted depression (F(6, 189) = 5.30, p < .001) and race moderated the association (p < .01); the association was only significant for minority caregivers (p < .05). Implications will be discussed.

Does Prenatal and Infancy Nurse Home Visitation Have Enduring Effects on Qualities of Parental Caregiving and Child Health at 25 to 50 Months of Life?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Olds ◽  
Charles R. Henderson ◽  
Harriet Kitzman
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Child Abuse ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Child Abuse And Neglect ◽  
Home Visitation ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Nurse Home ◽  
Upstate New York ◽  
Parental Caregiving ◽  
Abuse And Neglect

Objective. To examine, during the 3rd and 4th years of life, the health, development, rates of child maltreatment, and living conditions of children who had been enrolled in a randomized trial of nurse home visitation during pregnancy and first 2 years of their lives. Design. Prospective follow-up of families who had been randomly assigned to nurse-visited and comparison conditions. Setting. Study conducted in semirural community in upstate New York. Families dispersed among 14 other states during 2-year period after children's second birthdays. Participants. Four hundred women were recruited through a health department antepartum clinic and offices of private obstetricians and were registered before 30th week of pregnancy. All women had no previous live births and 85% were either teenaged (< 18 years at registration), unmarried, or from Hollingshead social classes IV or V. Analysis focused on whites, who comprised 89% of sample. Intervention. Nurse home visitation from pregnancy through second year of the child's life. Main Results. There were no treatment differences in the rates of child abuse and neglect or children's intellectual functioning from 25 to 48 months of age. Nurse-visited children, nevertheless, lived in homes with fewer hazards for children; they had 40% fewer injuries and ingestions and 45% fewer behavioral and parental coping problems noted in the physician record; and they made 35% fewer visits to the emergency department than did children in the comparison group. Nurse-visited mothers were observed to be more involved with and to punish their children to a greater extent than were mothers in the comparison group. The functional meaning of punishment differed between the nurse-visited and comparison families. Conclusions. The program does have enduring effects on certain aspects of parental caregiving, safety of the home, and children's use of the health care system, but it may be necessary to extend the length of the program for families at highest risk to produce lasting reductions in child abuse and neglect.

Sentiments and the motivational psychology of parental care

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Schaller
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Parental Caregiving ◽  
Social Affect ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Motivational Psychology

AbstractBeyond its implications for contempt, it remains to be determined whether the sentiment concept might be applied usefully to other domains of social affect. This commentary considers its applicability to the domain of parental caregiving. Characteristic features of sentiments are considered in conjunction with empirical research on the motivational psychology of parental care.

Gendered stories of parental caregiving among siblings

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Hequembourg ◽  
Sara Brallier
Keyword(s):  
Parental Caregiving

scholarly journals Human infancy and parenting in global perspective: specificity

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1869) ◽  
pp. 20172168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc H. Bornstein ◽  
Diane L. Putnick ◽  
Yoonjung Park ◽  
Joan T. D. Suwalsky ◽  
O. Maurice Haynes
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Practices ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Contextual Influences ◽  
Parental Caregiving ◽  
Parent Practices ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Early Human Development ◽  
Behavioural Specificity ◽  
Using Data

We address three long-standing fundamental questions about early human development and parental caregiving within a specificity framework using data from 796 infant–mother dyads from 11 societies worldwide. Adopting a cross-society view opens a vista on universal biological origins of, and contextual influences on, infant behaviours and parenting practices. We asked: how do infant behaviours and parenting practices vary across societies? How do infant behaviours relate to other infant behaviours, and how do parent practices relate to other parent practices? Are infant behaviours and parent practices related to one another? Behaviours of firstborn five-month infants and parenting practices of their mothers were microanalysed from videorecords of extensive naturally occurring interactions in the home. In accord with behavioural specificity, biological expectations and cultural influences, we find that infants and mothers from diverse societies exhibit mean-level society differences in their behaviours and practices; domains of infant behaviours generally do not cohere, nor do domains of maternal practices; and only specific infant behaviours and mother practices correspond. Few relations were moderated by society.

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