scholarly journals Human infancy and parenting in global perspective: specificity

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1869) ◽  
pp. 20172168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc H. Bornstein ◽  
Diane L. Putnick ◽  
Yoonjung Park ◽  
Joan T. D. Suwalsky ◽  
O. Maurice Haynes
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Practices ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Contextual Influences ◽  
Parental Caregiving ◽  
Parent Practices ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Early Human Development ◽  
Behavioural Specificity ◽  
Using Data

We address three long-standing fundamental questions about early human development and parental caregiving within a specificity framework using data from 796 infant–mother dyads from 11 societies worldwide. Adopting a cross-society view opens a vista on universal biological origins of, and contextual influences on, infant behaviours and parenting practices. We asked: how do infant behaviours and parenting practices vary across societies? How do infant behaviours relate to other infant behaviours, and how do parent practices relate to other parent practices? Are infant behaviours and parent practices related to one another? Behaviours of firstborn five-month infants and parenting practices of their mothers were microanalysed from videorecords of extensive naturally occurring interactions in the home. In accord with behavioural specificity, biological expectations and cultural influences, we find that infants and mothers from diverse societies exhibit mean-level society differences in their behaviours and practices; domains of infant behaviours generally do not cohere, nor do domains of maternal practices; and only specific infant behaviours and mother practices correspond. Few relations were moderated by society.

scholarly journals Perceptions of Caregiving: Racial Examinations of Resiliency and Stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 352-352
Author(s):  
Athena Koumoutzis ◽  
Kelly Cichy
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Stress Process Model ◽  
Parental Caregiving ◽  
The Family ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Midlife Adults ◽  
Emotional Strain

Abstract Adult children are at risk of emotional strain when parental caregiving needs emerge. Pearlin’s Stress Process Model (1990) and caregiver studies suggest minority caregivers report lower subjective caregiving burden, however, few studies simultaneously consider both the stresses and rewards of caregiving. Using data from Wave II of the Family Exchange Study (N = 243), we examine racial differences in midlife adults’ perceptions (i.e., stress and rewards) of assisting their parents with activities of daily living (ADLs) and the associations between perceptions of ADL assistance and emotional well-being among adults who help their parents with ADLs. Compared to non-minority caregivers (M = 4.18, SD = 0.91), minority caregivers (M = 4.45, SD = 0.84) found it more rewarding to help their mother (t(314) = -2.54, p < .05), whereas non-minority caregivers (M = 2.25, SD = .1.27) found it more stressful to help their father than did minority caregivers (M = 1.64, SD = 0.99), t(162) = 3.01, p < .01). After controlling for demographics and ADL needs, linear regression analyses revealed that the stress of helping parents predicted depression (F(6, 189) = 5.30, p < .001) and race moderated the association (p < .01); the association was only significant for minority caregivers (p < .05). Implications will be discussed.

Cultural Perspectives on Parenting

2021 ◽  
pp. 96-114
Author(s):  
Judi Mesman ◽  
Rosanneke A. G. Emmen
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Practices ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Culturally Appropriate ◽  
Appropriate Behavior ◽  
Cultural Perspectives ◽  
The World ◽  
Majority Groups

This chapter focuses on cultural influences on parenting, examining patterns across countries, but also within countries in different ethnic groups. Whereas forms vary, two broad functions of parenting practices can be consistently identified across cultural contexts: establishing a relational bond providing safety and security in infancy (commonly referred to as attachment), and transmitting culturally appropriate behavior, knowledge, and skills throughout the childhood years. The chapter then looks at the role of culture in ethnic minority parenting, which has unique features that are different from those in ethnic majority groups. It concludes by reflecting on the state of the research field of culture and parenting, and directions for the future. Given the high cultural diversity in many urban regions in the world where professionals deal with families from all over the world, and the frequent “export” of parenting interventions from the West to other parts of the world, the field would benefit enormously from investing in mixed-methods studies examining these processes in situations where cultures meet, and where it is not immediately clear which cultural norms should prevail.

scholarly journals Who Belongs? How Status Influences the Experience of Gemeinschaft

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-50
Author(s):  
Cary Beckwith
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
High Status ◽  
Cumulative Advantage ◽  
Status Hierarchy ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Group Life ◽  
Using Data

Belonging is a central human aspiration, one that has drawn attention from sociologists and social psychologists alike. Who is likely to realize this aspiration? This paper addresses that question by examining how “we-feeling”—the experience of gemeinschaft—is distributed within small groups. Previous research has argued that the feeling of belonging is positively related to a person’s social status through a cumulative advantage process. But high status can recast the responsibilities of group life as burdens if a person regards them as incongruent with his or her rank, and this can dim one’s feelings toward the group. This paper proposes that a “high-status penalty” diminishes we-feeling for high-ranking individuals, thereby concentrating we-feeling in the middle of a status hierarchy. It tests this theory using data from the Urban Communes Project, a survey of 60 naturally occurring communities. The findings suggest that status-incongruent responsibilities can suppress the benefits of status at the top of a hierarchy.

Modeling Contextual Influences on Parents With Intellectual Disability and Their Children

2011 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 419-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Wade ◽  
Gwynnyth Llewellyn ◽  
Jan Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Parenting Practices ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Contextual Influences ◽  
Children And Parents

Abstract Many parents with intellectual disability experience living conditions associated with risk for children and parents. This study used structural equation modeling to test a theoretical model of the relationships among parent, child, family, and contextual variables in 120 Australian families where a parent had an intellectual disability. Findings revealed that parenting practices had a direct effect on children's well being, that social support was associated with children's well being through the mediator of parenting practices, and that access to social support had a direct influence on parenting practices. Implications of the findings for research, intervention, and policy are explored, with the goal of promoting optimal well being for children who are raised by parents with intellectual disability.

Gender Differences in Youth Exposure to Community Violence: A Partial Test of Power-Control Theory

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-146
Author(s):  
Maria João Lobo Antunes ◽  
Eileen M. Ahlin ◽  
Amanda D. Emmert ◽  
Michelle Manasse
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Control Theory ◽  
Power Control ◽  
Community Violence ◽  
Parenting Practices ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Family Management ◽  
Exposure To Community Violence ◽  
Using Data

Youths’ exposure to community violence increases their risk for harmful emotional and behavioral outcomes. Several family management strategies protect youth against exposure though there is scant literature exploring whether their application is gendered. Using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, we draw from power-control theory to assess gender differences in family management strategies and the extent to which this accounts for boys’ greater exposure to neighborhood violence. Controlling for neighborhood contextual factors and youth covariates of exposure to violence, findings suggest that parents adopt gendered parenting practices, which in turn helps clarify why boys are more likely to report exposure to community violence.

scholarly journals The Comparative Epidemiology of Pediatric Severe Sepsis

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 472-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E. Hartman ◽  
Mohammed J. Saeed ◽  
Kimberly N. Powell ◽  
Margaret A. Olsen
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Septic Shock ◽  
Severe Sepsis ◽  
Organ Dysfunction ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Clinical Criteria ◽  
Coding Strategies ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Sepsis And Septic Shock

Objective: To determine whether the coding strategies used to identify severe sepsis in administrative data sets could identify cases with comparable case mix, hospitalization characteristics, and outcomes as a cohort of children diagnosed with severe sepsis using strict clinical criteria. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study using data from 2005 to 2011 from the New York and Florida State Inpatient Databases, available from the US Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. We compared 4 coding strategies: the single International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification ( ICD-9-CM) codes for (1) severe sepsis or (2) septic shock, and the algorithms developed by (3) Angus et al or (4) Martin et al, which use a combination of ICD-9-CM codes for infection and organ dysfunction. We compared the cases identified by each strategy with each other and with children enrolled in the REsearching severe Sepsis and Organ dysfunction in children: a gLobal perspectiVE (RESOLVE) trial. Results: The Angus criteria was 9 times larger (n = 23 995) than the smallest cohort, identified by the “septic shock” code (n = 2 601). Cases identified by the Angus and Martin strategies had low mortality rates, while the cases identified by the “severe sepsis” and “septic shock” codes had much higher mortality at all time points (eg, 28-day mortality of 4.4% and 7.4% vs 15.4% and 16.0%, respectively). Mortality in the “severe sepsis” and “septic shock” code cohorts was similar to that presented in the RESOLVE trial. Conclusions: The ICD-9-CM codes for “severe sepsis” and “septic shock” identify smaller but higher acuity cohorts of patients that more closely resemble the children enrolled in the largest clinical trial of pediatric severe sepsis to date.

Cultural influences on developmental processes and outcomes: Implications for the study of development and psychopathology

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
CYNTHIA GARCÍA COLL ◽  
ANNA AKERMAN ◽  
DANTE CICCHETTI
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Change ◽  
Developmental Psychopathology ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Contextual Influences ◽  
Cultural Issues ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Literature Reviews

The purpose of this paper is to trace the role of culture as an explanatory construct in developmental processes and outcomes, and its implications in the understanding of developmental psychopathology. Literature reviews were conducted by historical period: 1930–1939, 1960–1969, and 1990–1999. The percentage of the total articles and chapters pertaining to cultural issues increased as a function of time. Both conceptual and methodological continuities and discontinuities were observed among the three periods. The preponderance of comparative studies using deficit models still remains, but more enlightened alternative conceptual models, within culture studies, and measures of cultural processes, are emerging. In contrast, although contextual influences are considered important in developmental psychopathology, the field lags in its empirical consideration of cultural influences. The need to seriously address these issues will increase as globalization and rapid cultural change become even more the norm than the exception.

scholarly journals SOCIAL ANXIETY IN CHILDREN: EXPLORING INSECURE ATTACHMENT AND PARENTAL BEHAVIORS IN THE CONSTELLATION OF SOCIETAL AND CULTURAL MODERATORS

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Lotem KAROLINSKY
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Parenting Practices ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Insecure Attachment ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Parental Behaviors ◽  
Cultural Variables ◽  
Extensive Body

The associations between insecure attachment, negative parental behaviors, and social anxiety in childhood and adolescence have long been established theoretically and documented by empirical research. Still, it is clear that those associations operate through various moderators that should be addressed, among which are societal, economical, and cultural variables whose effect can be neither ignored nor overlooked. The vicissitudes of individual psychological development are shaped by environments, both physical and symbolic, in which those individuals are embedded: indeed, the cross-cultural studies that compared between Western and non-Western samples consistently reveal interrelatedness between secure/insecure attachments, parenting practices, and socioeconomic and cultural influences. In the light of the above, the present article addresses the interplay between insecure attachment, parental behaviors, and social anxiety in children as a multi-layered constellation of risk-factors which are informed by the broad network of socioeconomic and cultural dimensions. The integrative review of extensive body of literature demonstrates that this constellation cannot be complete without elucidating the role of fathers in parenting that may contribute to developing social anxiety, as well as without taking into consideration characteristics of cultures and society which shape and inform both parental practices and their perceptions.

scholarly journals Is Attachment Theory Consistent with Aboriginal Parenting Realities?

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Neckoway ◽  
Keith Brownlee ◽  
Bruno Castellan
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Attachment Theory ◽  
Parenting Practices ◽  
Attachment Security ◽  
Aboriginal Peoples ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
Parent Child Relationships ◽  
Parent Child

Attachment theory has become one of the most influential models guiding parent-child relationships in programs of prevention, treatment, and education, including programs for Aboriginal parents. However, whether the model can be reliably applied when working with Aboriginal peoples has not yet been established. Studies on attachment security conducted with different cultural groups provide a means of comparing naturally occurring differences in parenting practices and socio-emotional environments of children. These studies report inconsistencies of attachment security across cultures and suggest that consideration should be given to cultural differences when applying attachment theory across cultures. In this article, we analyse the correspondence between attachment theory and descriptions of Aboriginal parenting and question the relevance of attachment theory to Aboriginal parents who do not adhere to the mother-infant dyad as the sole contributor to the child’s sense of security.

scholarly journals A Synchrony-Based Classification Approach for Predicting Attitudes Using fNIRS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Macrina C Dieffenbach ◽  
Grace S R Gillespie ◽  
Shannon M Burns ◽  
Ian A McCulloh ◽  
Daniel L Ames ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Neural Synchrony ◽  
Reference Groups ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Dispositional Differences

Abstract Social neuroscience research has demonstrated that those who are like-minded are also “like-brained.” Studies have shown that people who share similar viewpoints have greater neural synchrony with one another, and less synchrony with people who “see things differently.” Although these effects have been demonstrated at the group level, little work has been done to predict the viewpoints of specific individuals using neural synchrony measures. Furthermore, the studies that have made predictions using synchrony-based classification at the individual level used expensive and immobile neuroimaging equipment (e.g. fMRI) in highly controlled laboratory settings, which may not generalize to real-world contexts. Thus, this study uses a simple synchrony-based classification method, which we refer to as the neural reference groups approach, to predict individuals’ dispositional attitudes from data collected in a mobile “pop-up neuroscience” lab. Using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data, we predicted individuals’ partisan stances on a sociopolitical issue by comparing their neural timecourses to data from two partisan neural reference groups. We found that partisan stance could be identified at above-chance levels using data from dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC). These results indicate that the neural reference groups approach can be used to investigate naturally-occurring, dispositional differences anywhere in the world.

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