Development of minimum tie line length method for determination of minimum miscible pressure in gas injection process

The influence of magnitude of systematic errors in the determination of ternary liquid-liquid equilibrium concentrations on the accuracy of the calculated number of theoretical stages of countercurrent extraction is evaluated on using five hypothetical systems differing in the extent of mutual solubility of components, tie-line slope, and type of binodal curve.

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Numerical Optimization of WAG Injection in a Sandstone Field using a Coupled Surface and Subsurface Model

10.2118/207449-ms ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Thaer I. Ismail ◽

Emad W. Al-Shalabi ◽

Mahmoud Bedewi ◽

Waleed AlAmeri

Keyword(s):

Oil Recovery ◽

Gas Injection ◽

Coupled Model ◽

Sensitivity Study ◽

Mobility Control ◽

Base Case ◽

The North ◽

Injection Process ◽

Interaction Terms ◽

Wag Injection

Abstract Gas injection is one of the most commonly used enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods. However, there are multiple problems associated with gas injection including gravity override, viscous fingering, and channeling. These problems are due to an adverse mobility ratio and cause early breakthrough of the gas resulting, in poor recovery efficiency. A Water Alternating Gas (WAG) injection process is recommended to resolve these problems through better mobility control of gas, leading to better project economics. However, poor WAG design and lack of understanding of the different factors that control its performance might result in unfavorable oil recovery. Therefore, this study provides more insight into improving WAG oil recovery by optimizing different surface and subsurface WAG parameters using a coupled surface and subsurface simulator. Moreover, the work investigates the effects of hysteresis on WAG performance. This case study investigates a field named Volve, which is a decommissioned sandstone field in the North Sea. Experimental design of factors influencing WAG performance on this base case was studied. Sensitivity analysis was performed on different surface and subsurface WAG parameters including WAG ratio, time to start WAG, total gas slug size, cycle slug size, and tubing diameter. A full two-level factorial design was used for the sensitivity study. The significant parameters of interest were further optimized numerically to maximize oil recovery. The results showed that the total slug size is the most important parameter, followed by time to start WAG, and then cycle slug size. WAG ratio appeared in some of the interaction terms while tubing diameter effect was found to be negligible. The study also showed that phase hysteresis has little to no effect on oil recovery. Based on the optimization, it is recommended to perform waterflooding followed by tertiary WAG injection for maximizing oil recovery from the Volve field. Furthermore, miscible WAG injection resulted in an incremental oil recovery between 5 to 11% OOIP compared to conventional waterflooding. WAG optimization is case-dependent and hence, the findings of this study hold only for the studied case, but the workflow should be applicable to any reservoir. Unlike most previous work, this study investigates WAG optimization considering both surface and subsurface parameters using a coupled model.

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Influence of deforming of common rail diesel injectors parts on the fuel injection process

10.36652/1684-1298-2021-4-7-12 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 4-12

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

High Pressures ◽

Fuel Injection ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Common Rail ◽

Electronic Control ◽

Fuel System ◽

Fuel Supply ◽

Injection Process ◽

Injection Cycle

Experimental studies have revealed a significant impact of deformation of Сommon Rail injector parts on the fuel supply process. High pressures alter the structure of the fuel supply cy-cle. Theforward front of the fuel supply cycle begins with the stage of unloading the deformed parts of the injector. The rear front of the fuel supply cycle ends with the stage of deformation of the injector parts. The calculated and experimental determination of cyclic fuel supply gave similar results. The developed method of determining the duration of the injection cycle stages creates a basis for experimental verification of mathematical models. Keywords: injector, Common Rail, diesel, fuel system, electronic control, needle, fuel injection

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Extraction of tetracycline using the ionic liquid-based aqueous two phase systems: Single-stage versus multi-stage

Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly ◽

10.2298/ciceq170904011l ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 387-397 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yi Liu ◽

Li Chen ◽

Jun Zhou ◽

Zongcheng Yan

Keyword(s):

Extraction Efficiency ◽

Ph Value ◽

Influence Factors ◽

Volume Ratio ◽

Line Length ◽

Single Stage ◽

Two Phase ◽

Extraction Behavior ◽

Multi Stage ◽

Tie Line

Ionic liquids-based aqueous two-phase extraction (ILs-ATPE) offers an alternative approach to the extraction of tetracycline (TC) through their partitioning between two phases. Single-stage and multi-stage strategies have been evaluated and compared for the purification of TC using ATPE composed of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium halide ([Bmim]X(X=Cl,Br)) and K2HPO4. The influence factors on single-stage extraction behavior of TC were optimized systematically, including the pH value, tie line length, and volume ratio. The optimal extraction efficiency of TC could reach above 95% when the volume ratio is higher than 1.5 and the tie line length is 30.52%. The multi-stage ATPE was also investigated by simulating a three-stage crosscurrent operation in test tubes. According to the TC isotherm curve and respective McCabe?Thiele diagrams, a predicted optimized scheme of the countercurrent multi-stage ATPE was determined. TC can be purified in the IL-rich top phase with a final extraction efficiency of 99% and a final TC concentration of 0.25 mg/mL, if a three- -stage [Bmim]Cl-K2HPO4 ATPE with volume ratio of 0.5 and tie line length of 30.52% was employed. Thus, the multi-stage extraction with small volume ratio is necessary to achieve a higher recovery yield, resulting in the reduction of the IL consumption.

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Application of Multiple-Mixing-Cell Method To Improve Speed and Robustness of Compositional Simulation

SPE Journal ◽

10.2118/169063-pa ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 20 (03) ◽

pp. 565-578 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mohsen Rezaveisi ◽

Russell T. Johns ◽

Kamy Sepehrnoori

Keyword(s):

Phase Equilibrium ◽

Gas Injection ◽

Computational Time ◽

Simulation Methods ◽

K Value ◽

Acceptable Accuracy ◽

Multiple Mixing ◽

Tie Lines ◽

Tie Line ◽

Equilibrium Calculations

Summary Standard equation-of-state-based phase equilibrium modeling in reservoir simulators involves computationally intensive and time-consuming iterative calculations for stability analysis and flash calculations. Therefore, speeding up stability analysis and flash calculations and improving robustness of the calculations are of utmost importance in compositional reservoir simulation. Prior knowledge of the tie-lines traversed by the solution of a gas-injection problem translates into valuable information with significant implications for speed and robustness of reservoir simulators. The solution of actual-gas-injection processes follows a very complex route because of dispersion, pressure variations, and multidimensional flow. The multiple-mixing-cell (MMC) method, originally developed to calculate minimum miscibility pressure of a gas-injection process, accounts for various levels of mixing of the injected gas and initial oil. This observation suggests that the MMC tie-lines developed upon repeated contacts may represent a significant fraction of the actual simulation tie-lines encountered. We investigate this idea and use three tie-line-based K-value-simulation methods for application of MMC tie-lines in reservoir simulation. In two of the tie-line-based K-value-simulation methods, we examine tabulation and interpolation of MMC tie-lines in a framework similar to the compositional-space adaptive-tabulation (CSAT) method. In the third method, we perform K-value simulations based on inverse-distance interpolation of K-values from MMC tie-lines. We demonstrate that for the displacements examined, the MMC tie-lines are sufficiently close to the actual simulation tie-lines and provide excellent coverage of the simulation compositional route. The MMC-based methods are then compared with the computational time by use of other methods of phase-equilibrium calculations, including a modified application of CSAT (an adaptive tie-line-based K-value simulation), a method using only heuristic techniques, and the standard method in an implicit-pressure/explicit-concentration-type reservoir simulator. The results show that tabulation and interpolation of MMC tie-lines significantly improve phase equilibrium and computational time compared with the standard approach, with acceptable accuracy. The results also show that computational performance of the MMC-based methods with only prior tie-line tables is very close to that of CSAT, which requires flash calculations during simulation. The K-value simulations by use of MMC-based tie-line-interpolation methods improve the total computational time up to 51% in the cases studied, with acceptable accuracy. The results suggest that MMC tie-lines represent a significant fraction of the actual tie-lines during simulation and can be used to significantly improve speed and robustness of phase-equilibrium calculations in reservoir simulators.

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To optimize well pattern during miscible gas injection process via heuristic techniques

Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering ◽

10.1016/j.petrol.2021.109786 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 109786

Author(s):

A. Zoeir ◽

M. Riazi ◽

Y. Kazemzadeh ◽

E. Khodapanah

Keyword(s):

Gas Injection ◽

Injection Process ◽

Heuristic Techniques ◽

Well Pattern ◽

Miscible Gas Injection

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Determination of Effective Parameters of Gas Injection in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs by Combination of Reservoir Simulation and Design of Experiment Techniques

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/221/1/012038 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 221 ◽

pp. 012038

Author(s):

Behdad Parnian Khoy ◽

Siyamak Moradi ◽

Ghasem Zargar ◽

Mostafa Ganjeh Ghazvini ◽

Elaheh Hamed Mahvelati

Keyword(s):

Reservoir Simulation ◽

Design Of Experiment ◽

Fractured Reservoirs ◽

Gas Injection ◽

Naturally Fractured Reservoirs ◽

Effective Parameters ◽

Naturally Fractured

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Cellular Injection Using Carbon Nanotube: A Molecular Dynamics Study

NANO ◽

10.1142/s1793292015500253 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (02) ◽

pp. 1550025 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Seyed Hanif Mahboobi ◽

Alireza Taheri ◽

Hossein Nejat Pishkenari ◽

Ali Meghdari ◽

Mahya Hemmat

Keyword(s):

Molecular Dynamics ◽

Carbon Nanotube ◽

Cell Membrane ◽

Minimally Invasive ◽

Lipid Bilayer ◽

Membrane Structure ◽

Md Simulations ◽

Injection Process ◽

Drug And Gene Delivery

Determination of an injection condition which is minimally invasive to the cell membrane is of great importance in drug and gene delivery. For this purpose, a series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are conducted to study the penetration of a carbon nanotube (CNT) into a pure POPC cell membrane under various injection velocities, CNT tilt angles and chirality parameters. The simulations are nonequilibrium and all-atom. The force and stress exerted on the nanotube, deformation of the lipid bilayer, and strain of the CNT atoms are inspected during the simulations. We found that a lower nanotube velocity results in successfully entering the membrane with minimum disruption in the CNT and the lipid bilayer, and CNT's chirality distinctly affects the results. Moreover, it is shown that the tilt angle of the CNT influences the nanotube's buckling and may result in destroying the membrane structure during the injection process.

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