Years of potential life lost and productivity costs due to Covid-19 in Turkey: one yearly evaluation

The aim to be achieved in this study is to analyze the quality and productivity costs of case studies at the Islamic University of 45 Bekasi. The research method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. The location of the study was conducted at the Islamic University of 45 Bekasi. The data used is secondary data from the financial statements of Islamic University of 45 Bekasi in the academic year 2013/2014. Methods of data collection using interviews and observation. The highest quality cost discussion results are prevention costs at the cost of seminars and training for lecturers as much as Rp. 450,561,400, -. The lowest quality cost is the assessment fee at the cost of lecturer accreditation of Rp. 1,925,000, -. The percentage of quality costs is 2.1% smaller than the fairness of the total quality costs of 2.5%. The realization of the output of new student admissions was obtained in the 2013/2014 school year as many as 1,339 people. Total students 6,364 people. The study period is more than 4 years and has not graduated as many as 992 people. Failure costs as much as 16% of total students. Realization of financial output was achieved in the amount of Rp. 39,384,232,556, - Input Rp. 35,606,307,800, - used to obtain output. Company productivity is efficient because output is greater than input. Company productivity is effective because the company achieves financial goals by obtaining a surplus of Rp. 3,777,924,756, - The conclusion that can be drawn is that quality costs are able to obtain output in the form of income exceeding its input value so that productivity is efficient and effective and surplus.

Download Full-text

Predictors of poor health and functional recovery following road trauma: protocol of a British Columbian inception cohort study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049623 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. e049623

Author(s):

Leona K Shum ◽

Herbert Chan ◽

Shannon Erdelyi ◽

Lulu X Pei ◽

Jeffrey R Brubacher

Keyword(s):

Resource Use ◽

Healthcare Resource ◽

Healthcare Providers ◽

Healthcare Resource Use ◽

Physical And Mental Health ◽

Inception Cohort ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Productivity Costs ◽

Poor Outcome ◽

Lost Productivity

IntroductionRoad trauma (RT) is a major public health problem affecting physical and mental health, and may result in prolonged absenteeism from work or study. It is important for healthcare providers to know which RT survivors are at risk of a poor outcome, and policy-makers should know the associated costs. Unfortunately, outcome after RT is poorly understood, especially for RT survivors who are treated and released from an emergency department (ED) without the need for hospital admission. Currently, there is almost no research on risk factors for a poor outcome among RT survivors. This study will use current Canadian data to address these knowledge gaps.Methods and analysisWe will follow an inception cohort of 1500 RT survivors (16 years and older) who visited a participating ED within 24 hours of the accident. Baseline interviews determine pre-existing health and functional status, and other potential risk factors for a poor outcome. Follow-up interviews at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months (key stages of recovery) use standardised health-related quality of life tools to determine physical and mental health outcome, functional recovery, and healthcare resource use and lost productivity costs.Ethics and disseminationThe Road Trauma Outcome Study is approved by our institutional Research Ethics Board. This study aims to provide healthcare providers with knowledge on how quickly RT survivors recover from their injuries and who may be more likely to have a poor outcome. We anticipate that this information will be used to improve management of all road users following RT. Healthcare resource use and lost productivity costs will be collected to provide a better cost estimate of the effects of RT. This information can be used by policy-makers to make informed decisions on RT prevention programmes.

Download Full-text

The Cost of Lost Productivity Due to Premature Chagas Disease-Related Mortality: Lessons from Colombia (2010–2017)

Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease ◽

10.3390/tropicalmed6010017 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 17

Author(s):

Mario J. Olivera ◽

Francisco Palencia-Sánchez ◽

Martha Riaño-Casallas

Keyword(s):

Chagas Disease ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Premature Mortality ◽

Present Value ◽

Productivity Costs ◽

Premature Deaths ◽

Lifetime Income ◽

International Statistical Classification ◽

The Republic

Background: Economic burden due to premature mortality has a negative impact not only in health systems but also in wider society. The aim of this study was to estimate the potential years of work lost (PYWL) and the productivity costs of premature mortality due to Chagas disease in Colombia from 2010 to 2017. Methods: National data on mortality (underlying cause of death) were obtained from the National Administrative Department of Statistics in Colombia between 2010 and 2017, in which Chagas disease was mentioned on the death certificate as an underlying or associated cause of death. Chagas disease as a cause of death corresponded to category B57 (Chagas disease) including all subcategories (B57.0 to B57.5), according to the Tenth Revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10). The electronic database contains the number of deaths from all causes by sex and 5-year age group. Economic data, including wages, unemployment rates, labor force participation rates and gross domestic product, were derived from the Bank of the Republic of Colombia. The human capital approach was applied to estimate both the PYWL and present value of lifetime income lost due to premature deaths. A discount rate of 3% was applied and results are presented in 2017 US dollars (USD). Results: There were 1261 deaths in the study, of which, 60% occurred in males. Premature deaths from Chagas resulted in 48,621 PYWL and a cost of USD 29 million in the present value of lifetime income forgone. Conclusion: The productivity costs of premature mortality due to Chagas disease are significant. These results provide an economic measure of the Chagas burden which can help policy makers allocate resources to continue with early detection programs.

Download Full-text

Economic Burden of Influenza in Thailand: A Systematic Review

INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing ◽

10.1177/0046958020982925 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 57 ◽

pp. 004695802098292

Author(s):

S. Kiertiburanakul ◽

W. Phongsamart ◽

T. Tantawichien ◽

W. Manosuthi ◽

P. Kulchaitanaroaj

Keyword(s):

Economic Burden ◽

Thai Population ◽

Population Demographics ◽

Productivity Costs ◽

Healthcare Facilities ◽

Macroeconomic Analysis ◽

High Incidence ◽

Lost Productivity ◽

Research Gap ◽

Influenza Illness

Thailand has a high incidence and high mortality rates of influenza. This study summarizes the evidence on economic burden or costs of influenza subsequent to the occurrence of influenza illness in the Thai population by specific characteristics such as population demographics, health conditions, healthcare facilities, and/or cost types from published literature. A systematic search was conducted in six electronic databases. All costs were extracted and adjusted to 2018 US dollar value. Out of 581 records, 11 articles (1 with macroeconomic analysis and 10 with microeconomic analyses) were included. Direct medical costs per episode for outpatients and inpatients ranged from US$4.21 to US$212.17 and from US$163.62 to US$4577.83, respectively, across distinct influenza illnesses. The overall burden of influenza was between US$31.1 and US$83.6 million per year and 50-53% of these estimates referred to lost productivity. Costs of screening for an outbreak of influenza at an 8-bed-intensive-care-unit hospital was US$38242.75 per year. Labor-sensitive sectors such as services were the most affected part of the Thai economy. High economic burden tended to occur among children and older adults with co-morbidities and to be related to complications, non-vaccinated status, and severe influenza illness. Strategies involving prevention, limit of transmission, and treatment focusing on aforementioned patients’ factors, containment of hospitalization expenses and quarantine process, and assistance on labor-sensitive economy sectors are likely to reduce the economic burden of influenza. However, a research gap exists regarding knowledge about the economic burden of influenza in Thailand.

Download Full-text

The Association between Insomnia Severity and Healthcare and Productivity Costs in a Health Plan Sample

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/34.4.443 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 443-450 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Khaled Sarsour ◽

Anupama Kalsekar ◽

Ralph Swindle ◽

Kathleen Foley ◽

James K. Walsh

Keyword(s):

Health Plan ◽

Productivity Costs ◽

Insomnia Severity

Download Full-text

Labor market participation and productivity costs for female caregivers of minor male children with Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies

Muscle & Nerve ◽

10.1002/mus.27429 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rieza H. Soelaeman ◽

Michael G. Smith ◽

Kashika Sahay ◽

J. Mick Tilford ◽

Dana Goodenough ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Muscular Dystrophies ◽

Labor Market Participation ◽

Market Participation ◽

Productivity Costs

Download Full-text

Return on investment of Canadian tobacco control policies implemented between 2001 and 2016

Tobacco Control ◽

10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056473 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056473

Author(s):

Jean-Eric Tarride ◽

Gord Blackhouse ◽

G. Emmanuel Guindon ◽

Michael O Chaiton ◽

Lynn Planinac ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Control ◽

Return On Investment ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Control Policies ◽

Productivity Costs ◽

Tobacco Policies ◽

Tobacco Control Policies ◽

Life Years ◽

The Government

ObjectivesTo determine the return on investment (ROI) associated with tobacco control policies implemented between 2001 and 2016 in Canada.MethodsCanadian expenditures on tobacco policies were collected from government sources. The economic benefits considered in our analyses (decrease in healthcare costs, productivity costs and monetised life years lost, as well as tax revenues) were based on the changes in smoking prevalence and attributable deaths derived from the SimSmoke simulation model for the period 2001–2016. The net economic benefit (monetised benefits minus expenditures) and ROI associated with these policies were determined from the government and societal perspectives. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to check the robustness of the result. Costs were expressed in 2019 Canadian dollars.ResultsThe total of provincial and federal expenditures associated with the implementation of tobacco control policies in Canada from 2001 through 2016 was estimated at $2.4 billion. Total economic benefits from these policies during that time were calculated at $49.2 billion from the government perspective and at $54.2 billion from the societal perspective. The corresponding ROIs were $19.8 and $21.9 for every dollar invested. Sensitivity analyses yielded ROI values ranging from $16.3 to $28.3 for every dollar invested depending on the analyses and perspective.ConclusionsThis analysis has found that the costs to implement the Canadian tobacco policies between 2001 and 2016 were far outweighed by the monetised value associated with the benefits of these policies, making a powerful case for the investment in tobacco control policies.

Download Full-text

Abstract 207: Burden of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) on Economic Cost. Comparison of Outcomes in US and Europe

Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes ◽

10.1161/circoutcomes.10.suppl_3.207 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (suppl_3) ◽

Author(s):

Dalia Giedrimiene ◽

Rachel King

Keyword(s):

Heart Disease ◽

Economic Cost ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Study Data ◽

Cost Comparison ◽

World Health ◽

Productivity Costs ◽

The Us ◽

Lost Productivity ◽

The Uk

CVD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, responsible for nearly a third of all deaths. In US, 85.6 million Americans are living with CVD, including 15.5 million with coronary heart disease (CHD). Heart disease (HD) specifically is responsible for approximately one in every seven American deaths, taking 370,213 lives per year. Perhaps even more striking than CHD’s mortality is its preventability. The CDC estimates that 34% of deaths caused by HD could potentially be prevented with modifiable risk factors including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking, poor diet, and sedentary lifestyle. By comparing the mortality of CVD and CHD in the US, Europe, and the United Kingdom (UK), we aim to gain a better understanding of the CVD burden and economic cost. Methods: We conducted a literature review of the most recent epidemiological data for US, Europe, and UK to compare mortality due to CVD and CHD between these three regions. Data sources for US include the AHA and CDC. Data for Europe was obtained from the European Society of Cardiology, following the World Health Organization’s definition of 53 states as the European region. The UK is included as it was considered independently in this study. Data for the UK was published by the British Heart Foundation. Results: The comparison of data shows that high mortality is evident in all represented countries and regions with a highest percent of CVD of total deaths in Europe as compared to US (45% vs 30.8%) and CHD (20% vs 14.2%). Very similar findings according annual mortality are evident comparing US to UK for CVD (30.8% vs 28%) and for CHD (14.2% vs 13%). The treatment for CVD is increasing over time, with prescriptions and operations costs around 6.8 billion in England, the majority spend on secondary care. CDC data in US show that Americans suffer 1.5 million heart attacks and strokes each year, which contributes more than $320 billion in annual healthcare costs and lost productivity. By 2030, this cost is projected to rise to $818 billion, while lost productivity costs to $275 billion. Conclusions: Although there is some variation between Europe as a group of 53 countries compared to the US and UK, it is clear that CVD has a major impact on mortality in all three regions studied. Improved prevention of CVD, including heart disease, has the potential to save lives around the globe and to reduce economic burden.

Download Full-text

Positive and Negative Innovations in Software Engineering

Software and Intelligent Sciences ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-0261-8.ch015 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 252-263

Author(s):

Capers Jones

Keyword(s):

Software Engineering ◽

Software Development ◽

Productivity Costs ◽

Software Applications ◽

Project Outcomes ◽

The World ◽

Development Methods ◽

Software Development Methods ◽

The Way

The software engineering field has been a fountain of innovation. Ideas and inventions from the software domain have literally changed the world as we know it. For software development, we have a few proven innovations. The way software is built remains surprisingly primitive. Even in 2008 major software applications are cancelled, overrun their budgets and schedules, and often have hazardously bad quality levels when released. There have been many attempts to improve software development, but progress has resembled a drunkard’s walk. Some attempts have been beneficial, but others have been either ineffective or harmful. This article puts forth the hypothesis that the main reason for the shortage of positive innovation in software development methods is due to a lack of understanding of the underlying problems of the software development domain. A corollary hypothesis is that lack of understanding of the problems is due to inadequate measurement of quality, productivity, costs, and the factors that affect project outcomes.

Download Full-text

The Health and Economic Burdens of Lymphatic Filariasis Prior to Mass Drug Administration Programs

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciz671 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (12) ◽

pp. 2561-2567 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Christopher G Mathew ◽

Alison A Bettis ◽

Brian K Chu ◽

Mike English ◽

Eric A Ottesen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lymphatic Filariasis ◽

Drug Administration ◽

Mass Drug Administration ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Scale Up ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Clinical Disease ◽

Productivity Costs ◽

Symptomatic Disease ◽

Life Years

Abstract Background The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) was launched in 2000 with the goal of eliminating lymphatic filariasis (LF) as a public health problem by 2020. Despite considerable progress, the current prevalence is around 60% of the 2000 figure, with the deadline looming a year away. Consequently, there is a continued need for investment in both the mass drug administration (MDA) and morbidity management programs, and this paper aims to demonstrate that need by estimating the health and economic burdens of LF prior to MDA programs starting in GPELF areas. Methods A previously developed model was used to estimate the numbers of individuals infected and individuals with symptomatic disease, along with the attributable number of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The economic burden was calculated by quantifying the costs incurred by the health-care system in managing clinical cases, the patients’ out-of-pocket costs, and their productivity costs. Results Prior to the MDA program, approximately 129 million people were infected with LF, of which 43 million had clinical disease, corresponding to a DALY burden of 5.25 million. The average annual economic burden per chronic case was US $115, the majority of which resulted from productivity costs. The total economic burden of LF was estimated at US $5.8 billion annually. Conclusions These results demonstrate the magnitude of the LF burden and highlight the continued need to support the GPELF. Patients with clinical disease bore the majority of the economic burden, but will not benefit much from the current MDA program, which is aimed at reducing transmission. This assessment further highlights the need to scale up morbidity management programs.

Download Full-text