scholarly journals The Cost of Lost Productivity Due to Premature Chagas Disease-Related Mortality: Lessons from Colombia (2010–2017)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Mario J. Olivera ◽  
Francisco Palencia-Sánchez ◽  
Martha Riaño-Casallas
Keyword(s):  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Productivity Costs ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Lifetime Income ◽  
International Statistical Classification ◽  
The Republic

Background: Economic burden due to premature mortality has a negative impact not only in health systems but also in wider society. The aim of this study was to estimate the potential years of work lost (PYWL) and the productivity costs of premature mortality due to Chagas disease in Colombia from 2010 to 2017. Methods: National data on mortality (underlying cause of death) were obtained from the National Administrative Department of Statistics in Colombia between 2010 and 2017, in which Chagas disease was mentioned on the death certificate as an underlying or associated cause of death. Chagas disease as a cause of death corresponded to category B57 (Chagas disease) including all subcategories (B57.0 to B57.5), according to the Tenth Revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10). The electronic database contains the number of deaths from all causes by sex and 5-year age group. Economic data, including wages, unemployment rates, labor force participation rates and gross domestic product, were derived from the Bank of the Republic of Colombia. The human capital approach was applied to estimate both the PYWL and present value of lifetime income lost due to premature deaths. A discount rate of 3% was applied and results are presented in 2017 US dollars (USD). Results: There were 1261 deaths in the study, of which, 60% occurred in males. Premature deaths from Chagas resulted in 48,621 PYWL and a cost of USD 29 million in the present value of lifetime income forgone. Conclusion: The productivity costs of premature mortality due to Chagas disease are significant. These results provide an economic measure of the Chagas burden which can help policy makers allocate resources to continue with early detection programs.

scholarly journals Premature Mortality in Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Liang ◽  
Emmalin Buajitti ◽  
Laura Rosella
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Income Quintile ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Central Canada ◽  
Over Time

Introduction: Premature mortality (deaths before age 75) is a well-established metric of population health and health system performance. In Canada, underlying differences between provinces/territories present a need for stratified mortality trends. Methods: Using data from the Canadian Vital Statistics Database, a descriptive analysis of sex-specific adult premature deaths over 1992-2015 was conducted by province, census divisions (CD), socioeconomic status (SES), age, and underlying cause of death. Premature mortality rates were calculated as the number of deaths per 100,000 individuals aged 18 to 74, per 8-year era. SES was measured using the income quintile of the neighbourhood of residence. Absolute and relative inequalities were respectively summarized using slope and relative indices of inequality, produced via unadjusted linear regression of the mortality rate on income rank. Results: Premature mortality in Canada declined by 21% for males and 13% for females between 1992-1999 and 2008-2015. The greatest reductions were in Central Canada, while Newfoundland saw notable increases. CD-level improvements appeared mostly in the southern half of Canada. As of 2008-2015, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Nunavut had the highest mortality rates. Low area-level income was associated with higher mortality. SES inequalities grew over time. Newfoundland’s between-quintile differences rose from 1292 to 2389 deaths per 100k males, or 1.33 to 2.12-fold, and 586 to 1586 per 100k females, or 1.24 to 1.74-fold. In 2008-2015, mortality rates of the bottom quintile in Manitoba and Saskatchewan were more than 2.5 times those of the top. Mortality increased with age, and varied regionally. Low mortality in Central Canada and BC, and high mortality in the Territories were consistent across eras and sexes. Cause of death distributions shifted with age and sex, with more external deaths in younger males. Conclusion: Improvements were seen in adult premature mortality rates over time, but were unequal across geographies. Evidence exists for growing socioeconomic disparities in mortality.

scholarly journals The Cost of Lost Productivity due to Premature Chagas Disease-Related Mortality: Evidence from Colombia (2010-2017)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario J. Olivera ◽  
Francisco Palencia-Sánchez ◽  
Martha Riaño-Casallas
Keyword(s):  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Lost Productivity ◽  
Working Age ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Work Tenure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Related Mortality

Economic burden due to premature mortality has a negative impact not only in health system even though in the society. The aim of this study was to estimate the potential years of work tenure lost (PYWL) due to Chagas disease in Colombia from 2010-2017. National data on mortality by sex and ages between 15 and 62 dues to Chagas from 2010 to 2017. The PYWL methodology was applied to assess the impact of Chagas disease in workers who suffer from them. In total, 1,261 deaths were analyzed in the study, of which 60% corresponded to males. The loss of labor productivity caused by Chagas disease was estimated at $29 million. Overall, 48,621 PYWL were lost, and there was an average of 21 years for all subjects with Chagas. Throughout the analyzed period, PYWL increased substantially, and it is necessary to continue with early detection programs to avoid premature death in working age population.

scholarly journals COVID-19 mortality in Belgrade

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-247
Author(s):  
Nataša Rosić ◽  
Milena Šantrić-Milićević
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public Health Decision ◽  
Health Decision ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
The Republic

Introduction: Mortality data are the most reliable indicators of the number of lives that a community has lost due to COVID-19 and represent the minimum data necessary for public health decision-making. Aim: The aim of the study is to describe the basic characteristics of population mortality from COVID-19 in Belgrade in 2020. Methods: The unit of observation in this cross-sectional study for the description of mortality from COVID-19 in 2020 was the population of Belgrade (total, by sex, and by age intervals). COVID-19 was analyzed as the main cause of death (ICD-10: U071, U072). The number and the structure of deaths (%), the crude death rate (per 1,000 population) and the specific death rate (per 100,000 population) were analyzed. The data sources for the study were official statistics on vital events of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Results: In 2020, 10.5% of the total number of deaths were due to COVID-19, and the majority of deaths was from the male contingent of Belgrade residents. The mortality rate due to COVID-19 was 158.78 per 100,000 population (211.7 for males and 111.4 for females). COVID-19 was the second leading cause of death in Belgrade. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate the existence of premature mortality in Belgrade. In 2020, COVID-19 was the second leading cause of death among the male residents of Belgrade, while in female residents, it was the third leading cause of mortality. This research provides evidence that can contribute to the international discussion about societal losses caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

EVALUATION OF FINANCIAL SECURITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-67
Author(s):  
Elena Evgenevna Mashyanova ◽  
Elena Aleksandrovna Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Financial Security ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
External Threats ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Global Financial System

In modern conditions of development, financial security is an integral part of the overall security of the region and is formed on the basis of the functioning of the financial system. The complication of relationships between key segments of international financial markets, as well as the limited ability to accurately predict future trends in the development of the global financial system, lead to a gradual increase in the risks that accompany the activities of economic entities, and an increase in the number and scale of internal and external threats that have a negative impact on the financial security of the state. This formulation of the issue requires generalization of approaches to determining the financial security of the region in order to further formalize this issue and determine the key factors affecting it. The article considers the types of financial security, as well as certain areas of ensuring the financial security of the region and their priority. In work the assessment of the level of socio-economic development of the region with a view to ensuring financial security on the basis of which offers the main activities and priority areas of implementation of the investment policy that will ensure financial security of the Republic of Crimea.

scholarly journals A review of challenges and benefits of integration of CHP plant into the grid: a case study in Serbia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rade M. Ciric ◽  
Sasa N. Mandic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Increase Energy Efficiency ◽  
High Voltage Supply ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe Republic of Serbia must make significant efforts to promote and exploit renewable energy sources and increase energy efficiency in all energy sectors to ensure energy security and economic competitiveness, reduce the negative impact on the environment from energy production and use, and contribute to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gases. Within the paper several issues of integration of recently realized CHP plant are introduced and discussed. Firstly, the legal and energy policy issues in the Republic of Serbia regarding connecting CHP to the grid are presented. The challenges and technical solutions for CHP connection to the grid, as well as power quality issues and the role of the CHP plant during the restoration of power supply during the maintenance of the substation and unplanned loss of high voltage supply, are presented and discussed. Finally, the impact of prospective massive integration of CHP on the energy balance and CO2 emission reduction in the province of Vojvodina in Serbia is investigated and discussed. Since it is the first CHP plant realized in Serbia, it is crucial that experience be shared to all potential stakeholders in the future energy efficiency projects.

CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF CARBON FARMING DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Radik Safin ◽  
Ayrat Valiev ◽  
Valeriya Kolesar
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
The Republic

Global climatic changes have a negative impact on the development of all sectors of the economy, including agriculture. However, the very production of agricultural products is one of the most important sources of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere. Taking into account the need to reduce the “carbon footprint” in food production, a special place is occupied by the analysis of the volume of greenhouse gas emissions and the development of measures for their sequestration in agriculture. One of the main directions for reducing emissions and immobilizing greenhouse gases is the development of special techniques for their sequestration in the soil, including those used in agriculture. Adaptation of existing farming systems for this task will significantly reduce the “carbon footprint” from agricultural production, including animal husbandry. The development of carbon farming allows not only to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but also to significantly increase the level of soil fertility, primarily by increasing the content of organic matter in them. As a result, it becomes possible, along with the production of crop production, to produce “carbon units” that are sold on local and international markets. The paper analyzes possible greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and the potential for their sequestration in agricultural soils. The role of various elements of the farming system in solving the problem of reducing the “carbon footprint” is considered and ways of developing carbon farming in the Republic of Tatarstan are proposed

Reteaua de licee: cum o optimizam din punct de vedere numeric si în profil teritorial

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serafim Florea ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High Schools ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Boarding Schools ◽  
Qualified Teachers ◽  
Republic Of Moldova ◽  
School Network ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Republic

There are over 300 high schools in the Republic of Moldova, most of which do not have 10-12th parallel classes, many of which also lead to the lack of qualified teachers in some subjects, which has a negative impact on the quality of students education. The optimization of the high school network can be achieved by keeping only about 100 of their existing number, planning them in new type institutions: district high-schools, boarding schools and mixed high schools of both these categories.

Living with an MPN in Ireland: patients' and caregivers' perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (17) ◽  
pp. S24-S30
Author(s):  
Geraldine Walpole ◽  
Mary Kelly ◽  
Joy Lewis ◽  
Avril Gleeson ◽  
Ann-Marie Cullen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Unmet Needs ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms ◽  
Symptom Burden ◽  
Emotional Wellbeing ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are associated with a high disease burden, reduced quality of life and shortened survival. The aim of this questionnaire was to gain patients' and caregivers' perspectives on the impact of living with an MPN in the Republic of Ireland. An Irish adaptation of the ‘Global MPN Landmark survey’ was conducted. Fifty-one patients and 44 caregivers completed the questionnaire. Patients reported a wide variety of symptoms at the time of questionnaire completion; fatigue, bone pain and pruritus being most frequently reported. Approximately one-third of respondents from each of the groups (patients and caregivers) reported a negative impact of MPNs on their emotional wellbeing and daily lives. The study findings revealed that, despite treatment, symptom burden remains high, and several unmet needs exist, including educational, emotional and peer group support. Interventions that focus on reducing symptom burden and addressing these unmet needs, may improve the quality of life for patients with MPNs and their caregivers.

scholarly journals THE IMPORTANCE OF GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS IN INCREASING EMPLOYMENT EFFICIENCY IN GANJA-KAZAKH ECONOMIC REGION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Hasanova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Economic Region ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Oil Sector ◽  
The Republic ◽  
State Programs ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
The Impact

The article analyzes the labor market in Ganja-Gazakh economic region, the main "State Programs for socio-economic development of the regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan" (2004-2008, 2009-2013, 2014-2018, 2019-2023) to address the employment problems of the population. directions were considered. At the same time, the current situation of employment and unemployment in the region, the interregional distribution of productive forces, the region's infrastructure, the geography of natural resources were studied. Traditional production areas for the region, preferential loans provided to entrepreneurs within the framework of financed investment projects and other issues were discussed. The measures taken to eliminate the negative impact of the global crisis on the regions of Azerbaijan since 2016, the volume of output in key sectors of the economy are reflected. The discrepancy between job supply and demand in the region's labor market, as well as the main problems arising in the process of their coordination were analyzed. The urgency of original issues such as increasing production and exports, attracting effective employment, ensuring regional development by attracting domestic and foreign investment to the regions was brought to attention. The impact of investments in the regions on the development of the non-oil sector on the country's GDP was studied. The enterprises and jobs created in Ganja-Gazakh economic region were discussed within the program. In the end, the results of the analysis were reflected and suggestions were made to eliminate the existing problems.

scholarly journals EQUALITY, THE CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT AND CUSTOMER-SEGMENT PRICING STRATEGIES: IS THERE RELIEF FOR THE POOR RICH TOURIST?

Obiter ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Tait ◽  
Madéle Tait
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Consumer Protection ◽  
National Park ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Price Differentiation ◽  
Consumer Protection Act ◽  
Customer Segment ◽  
The Republic

The year 2010 is Soccer World Cup year in South Africa. From watching the press and other media it quickly becomes apparent that this event is perceived as something of a cash cow to be used (and sometimes even abused) to generate maximum profit for certain industries and its businesses. Complaints have been made about airlines and accommodation establishments hiking prices excessively. The tourism industry has been warned about the negative impact such exorbitant prices may have on tourism in the future as South Africa may no longer be considered as a value-for-money destination. The hiking of prices is based on an anticipated increase in demand for certain services and products caused by the expected influx of soccer tourists. Businesses world-wide employ different pricing strategies to try and optimize revenue. One such pricing strategy that is employed is to differentiate between citizens and foreign nationals when charging for a service or product. This strategy in the context of the tourism industry is the focus of this note. Whilst the tourist is visiting South Africa s/he may want to visit some attractions and it is often at these places that an interestingsituation can be observed. International tourists have to pay one price whereas citizens pay a reduced price. For instance, a visit to the website of the Addo Elephant National Park reveals that SANParks asks different prices – for South African citizens and residents R30 per day visit, SADC nationals R60 per day visit, and foreign visitors R130 per day visit to the Addo Elephant National Park. Similar price differentiation is employed by private businesses as well. Other jurisdictions in Africa also make use of similar customer-segment pricing strategies. The Ugandan Wildlife Authority differentiates between admission fees for foreign non-residents and East-Africans to protected areas such as Lake Mburo and the Semuliki National Park. The Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 (hereinafter “the CPA”), once operational, will prohibit the charging of different prices for any goods or services to any persons or category of persons on the basis of one or more of the grounds of unfair discrimination contemplated in section 9 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (the Constitution) or Chapter 2 of the Promotion of Equality and the Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000 (hereinafter “the Equality Act”), amongst others. Does this mean that suppliers of services and products to tourists who differentiate in the prices asked between citizens and non-citizens will fall foul of this provision of the CPA? This is the question this note will endeavour to answer.

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