Association of health-related physical fitness with total and central body fat in preschool children aged 3 to 5 years

Abstract Background Inhibitory control develops rapidly during the preschool stage, and development of inhibitory control in this period is significant for the healthy growth of the future. However, most studies paid more attention to children and adolescents in recent years, but less focus on preschool children. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the association between the health-related physical fitness and inhibitory control in preschool children. Methods This study was a cross-sectional study, 128 preschool children in Yangpu District of Shanghai were recruited by convenient sampling. The health-related physical fitness T-score (HPFT) was obtained by adding standard scores of six indicators: body mass index, handgrip strength, standing long jump, one-leg balance, 2×10m shuttle run test, and 20m shuttle run test. Inhibitory control was assessed using the flanker task and reflected by reaction time and accuracy. Results A total of 120 preschoolers were included in the final statistical analysis. After adjusting the confounders, HPFT was associated with reaction time (β=-2.49ms, 95%CI: -4.22, -0.75). Similarly, a negative association was observed between one-leg balance and reaction time (β=-12.04ms, 95%CI: -18.94, -5.15), and between 20m shuttle run and reaction time (β=-23.28ms, 95%CI: -37.00, -9.56). Compared with the participants in the lowest tertile, HPFT (β=-158.74, 95%CI: -309.63, -7.84), one-leg balance(β=-267.25ms, 95%CI: -420.71, -113.79) and 20m shuttle run (β=-215.58ms, 95%CI: -374.67, -56.49) were all negatively associated with reaction time of those in the highest tertile. Conclusion In addition, there was a non-linear relationship between HPFT and reaction time (β=-3.46ms,95%CI: -5.39, -1.53) when HPFT > 249. In conclusion, in order to improve the inhibitory control, it’s suggested that HPFT of preschoolers should be at least 249.

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Chronological and Skeletal Age in Relation to Physical Fitness Performance in Preschool Children

Frontiers in Pediatrics ◽

10.3389/fped.2021.641353 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Dandan Ke ◽

Dajiang Lu ◽

Guang Cai ◽

Xiaofei Wang ◽

Jing Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Preschool Children ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Skeletal Age ◽

Skeletal Maturation ◽

Chronological Age ◽

Tennis Ball ◽

Balance Beam ◽

Absolute Value ◽

Health Related ◽

The Absolute

Introduction: Physical fitness is an adaptive state that varies with an individual's growth and maturity status. Considering that the difference in skeletal maturity already existed among preschool children, this study was designed to determine the influence of skeletal age and chronological age on preschoolers' physical fitness performance.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 945 healthy preschoolers (509 males, 436 females) aged between 3.0 and 6.0 years in Shanghai, China. We used the method of TW3-C RUS to determine skeletal age. Chronological age was measured by subtracting the date of birth from the test date. Sit and reach, 2 × 10 m shuttle run test, standing long jump, tennis ball throw, 5 m jump on both feet, and balance beam walk were considered for physical fitness performance. Correlation coefficients and partial correlations adjusting height and weight were used to determine the relationships among the variables of skeletal age/ relative skeletal age, chronological age/relative chronological age, and physical fitness items.Results: Skill-related physical fitness was weakly to moderately associated with skeletal age (the absolute value of r: 0.225–0.508, p < 0.01) and was moderately to strongly associated with chronological age (the absolute value of r: 0.405–0.659, p < 0.01). Health-related physical fitness items (BMI and sit and reach) showed a fairly weak to no correlation with skeletal age and chronological age. After adjusting the height and weight, an extremely weak to no correlation was observed between skeletal age and both health- and skill-related physical fitness, and weak-moderate correlations were noted between chronological age and skill-related physical fitness (the absolute value of r: 0.220–0.419, p < 0.01). In children in Grade 1, skill-related physical fitness (except for balance beam walk) showed a weak to moderate correlation with relative chronological age (the absolute value of r: 0.227–0.464, p < 0.05).Conclusion: (1) both skeletal age and chronological age are associated with skill-related rather than health-related physical fitness performance, and after adjusting height and weight, chronological age, rather than skeletal age, is associated with skill-related physical fitness performance; (2) for preschool children, skill-related physical fitness performance is influenced by relative chronological age rather than individual differences in skeletal maturation, especially in the lower grades.

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Locomotive and Non-Locomotive Activity as Determined by Triaxial Accelerometry and Physical Fitness in Japanese Preschool Children

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.24.3.420 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 420-434 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Chiaki Tanaka ◽

Yuki Hikihara ◽

Kazunori Ohkawara ◽

Shigeho Tanaka

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Preschool Children ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Activity Level ◽

Fitness Testing ◽

Standing Long Jump ◽

Locomotive Activity ◽

Health Related ◽

Long Jump ◽

Run Test

This study examined the potential relationship between participation in physical activity (PA) assessed by triaxial accelerometry and physical fitness testing, including health-related and skill-related parameters of fitness, in 136 Japanese preschoolers (65 girls and 71 boys, 5.5 ± 0.6 years). In partial correlation analyses, grip strength and 20m shuttle run test were positively correlated with time spent in physical activity ratio (PAR) ≥ 4. Better scores on standing long jump distance and jump over and crawl under tests were associated with lower sedentary time and greater moderate-to-vigorous PA time and PAR ≥ 4 time, and increased physical activity level. Moreover, 25m run speed was positively correlated with time spent in PAR ≥ 4 and locomotive activity. These findings suggest that development of both health-related (muscle strength and aerobic fitness) and skill-related fitness (power, agility and speed) may make engagement in PA easier for preschool children, although further research on the cause-effect relationship is needed.

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Objectively Measured Sedentary Time, Physical Activity And Markers Of Total And Central Body Fat In Preschool Children

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/01.mss.0000401481.94482.7e ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 43 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 537

Author(s):

Vanesa España Romero ◽

Jonathan Mitchell ◽

Marsha Dowda ◽

Russell Pare

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Preschool Children ◽

Body Fat ◽

Central Body ◽

Sedentary Time ◽

Objectively Measured

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The Study of Health-Related Fitness Normative Scores for Nepalese Older Adults

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17082723 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (8) ◽

pp. 2723

Author(s):

Jung Kyu Kim ◽

Won Il Son ◽

Ye Jung Sim ◽

Ju Sung Lee ◽

Kamala Oli Saud

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Grip Strength ◽

Body Fat ◽

Age Groups ◽

Percent Body Fat ◽

Female Age ◽

Fitness Evaluation ◽

Sit To Stand ◽

Health Related

Physical fitness tests are important to maintain and promote the health status of people. The purpose of this study was to develop health-related fitness evaluation norms according to the age and gender of Nepalese older adults. One thousand nine subjects (449 males, 560 females) above 60 years, residing in 19 wards (rural and urban) of Dhangadhi Sub-Metropolitan City participated in this study. The test included the PAR-Q (Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire), social aspects questionnaire, blood pressure test, height, weight, BMI (body mass index), percent body fat, and four physical fitness components (grip strength, 1-minute sit-to-stand, sit and reach, and 2-minute step tests). Mean, SD, and fitness evaluation norms for each component were obtained after the main test and statistical analyses. This study showed higher BMI and percent body fat in female age groups than in male age groups. Grip strength, relative grip strength, sit-to-stand, and 2-minute steps scores were better in male age groups than in female age groups, but in contrast, flexibility was better in female age groups. This study may help the related sectors to assess physical fitness, identify fitness levels, and develop appropriate physical activities or exercise programs for older adults based on age.

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Association between Resting Heart Rate and Health-Related Physical Fitness in Brazilian Adolescents

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2018/3812197 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Diego Augusto Santos Silva ◽

Tiago Rodrigues de Lima ◽

Mark Stephen Tremblay

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Public Schools ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽

Body Fat ◽

Aerobic Fitness ◽

Handgrip Strength ◽

Resting Heart Rate ◽

Health Related

The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between health-related physical fitness components (aerobic fitness, muscle strength, flexibility, and body fat) and resting heart rate (RHR) in Brazilian adolescents. The study included 695 schoolchildren (14–19 years) from public schools of the city of São José, Brazil. RHR was evaluated using an automated oscillometric sphygmomanometer. Aerobic fitness was assessed by the modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test; muscle strength was measured by handgrip dynamometer; flexibility was assessed by the sit-and-reach test; and body fat was assessed indirectly by sum of two skinfold thicknesses (triceps and subscapular). Sociodemographic variables, habitual physical activity, sexual maturation, and body mass index were the covariates. Cardiorespiratory fitness (β = -0.11; 95%CI: -0.14, -0.08) and handgrip strength (β = -0.10; 95%CI: -0.18, -0.01) were inversely associated with RHR in boys. For girls, cardiorespiratory fitness (β = -0.09; 95%CI: -0.12, -0.06) was inversely associated with RHR. In both sexes, body fat (β = 0.50; 95%CI: 0.25, 0.75 for boys; β = 0.17; 95%CI: 0.36, 2.72 for girls) was directly associated with RHR. The RHR is measured more easily than the physical fitness tests, so it is recommended to assess adolescent’s heath in large surveillance systems.

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