Algorithms for Detecting Cattle Diseases at Early Stages and for Making Diagnoses and Related Recommendations

Analytical and theoretical studies were conducted in working cattle facilities in order to identify infectious, parasitic, and nervous diseases in large horned cattle. Our analytical study was based on the analysis of available scientific research papers. The theoretical research was based on processing the measurement results with existing hardware and software. Both environmental and physiological parameters were obtained from five farms for at least 30 days. The studied cows were divided into two groups. One group consisted of 37 dairy cows of the Holstein breed aged 2–3 years having no clinical signs of disease. All cows in this group were fed the same diet, kept in the same conditions, and had the same lactation period (from 3 to 5 months). Their average weight was 517 (±2.03) kg. For inclusion into the second group, we selected 23 dairy cows with parameters similar to those of the cows in the first group but with some clinical signs of diseases such as encephalomyelitis, infectious enteritis, and hypodermatosis. The data obtained from the animals in the first group were considered as the parameters’ standardized boundary values for the estimation of a cow’s conditions, i.e., as the norm (the setpoint). As for the data obtained for the second group, they were considered to be deviations from the threshold values of the parameters (deviations from the setpoint, which required a pre-planned action). The analysis was carried out using the program code implemented in the software package “Matlab R2019b”. We analyzed the correlations between the cows’ rumen temperature and pH, their locomotive activity, and environmental parameters such as air temperature and relative humidity in the cowsheds. We then constructed graphs of inter-correlating functions. As a result of the study, for the first time, algorithms were compiled enabling the detection of infectious, parasitic, and nervous diseases.

Acute neurotoxicity of acetaminophen in chicks

Acetaminophen is a non-steroidal drug used as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic in humans and animals. In chicks, neurotoxicity associated with acetaminophen has not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to identify the neurobehavioral, biochemical and histopathological effects of acetaminophen in 7 day-old broiler chicks. The acute LD50 of acetaminophen was estimated by the up- and- down method, and then the influence of acetaminophen on the open field activity and tonic immobility test was recorded. The behavioral signs and toxicity scores were recorded. The liver enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were estimated. Histopathology of the brain and liver were performed. The acetaminophen LD50 value in chicks was 1077 mg/kg, intramuscularly. Acetaminophen reduced the general locomotive activity of the chicks, measured in the open- field arena, as a result of a significant rise in latency in moving from the central square, and a reduction in the numbers of lines crossed as well as reduction in the vocalization score compared to the control. Intramuscular injections of acetaminophen at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg induced signs of toxicosis, such as head dropping, closed eyelids, immobility, loss of vocalization, and recumbency, followed by death. Histopathological examination of the brain showed the presence of congestion of blood vessels, vasogenic edema and necrosis of Purkinje cells. Degenerative changes and liver enzyme function showed liver dysfunction. Our results show behavioral, biochemical and histopathological data demonstrating that acetaminophen at high doses produced acute neurotoxicity in chicks.

A Comprehensive Study of Pharmacological Behaviors, Nano-formulations, and Applications of Rosemary

Aim: The purpose of this review paper is to elaborate many nano-formulations of Rosemary which are used against many diseases and also explain the Pharmacological activity of phytocompounds of Rosemary and details about the applications and uses of Rosemary in many fields. Objectives: Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a medicinal herbal plant, their leaves are used in Europe, America, and Asia as a food additive. It is very valuable, their parts contain many chemical constituents which are very effective against many diseases like diabetes, obesity, cancer, infections and also have antioxidant, anti-inflammation, memory-improvement, etc. properties. Results: In the literature reviewed, Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) has shown exciting potential both as a natural food preservative and as a therapeutic agent. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) essential oil has been extensively studied due to its chemical composition and biological activities. The extract of Rosemary also shows the medicinal properties like anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory etc. From many studies, it was also found that nano-formulation of Rosemary had been developed by using the Rosemary essential oil and its extract which are used in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. Conclusion: From the conventional times, therapeutic effects of Rosemary are seen, which is also used in Modern Medicine now days. It had been used as food additives in the conventional times. In renal colic and dysmenorrhea, it is used as an antispasmodic to relieve respiratory disorders and to boost hair development. CNS, cardiac and locomotive activity promotes inhalation and oral administration of Rosemary oil, suggesting the direct effect of one or more of its constituents. Rosemary have curative potential in the therapy and avoidance of bronchial asthma, peptic ulcer, spasmodic disorders, inflammatory illnesses, atherosclerosis, hepatotoxicity, cancer, ischemic heart illness, bad sperm motility, Alzheimer, and may act as antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.

Glutathione S-Transferase Rescues Motor Neuronal Toxicity in Fly Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Transactive response DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) is involved in the pathology of familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). TDP-43-mediated ALS models in mice, Drosophila melanogaster, and zebrafish exhibit dysfunction of locomotor function, defective neuromuscular junctions, and motor neuron defects. There is currently no effective cure for ALS, and the underlying mechanisms of TDP-43 in ALS remain poorly understood. In this study, a genetic screen was performed to identify modifiers of human TDP-43 (hTDP-43) in a Drosophila model, and glutathione S-transferase omega 2 (GstO2) was found to be involved in hTDP-43 neurotoxicity. GstO2 overexpressed on recovered defective phenotypes resulting from hTDP-43, including defective neuromuscular junction (NMJ) boutons, degenerated motor neuronal axons, and reduced larvae and adult fly locomotive activity, without modulating the levels of hTDP-43 protein expression. GstO2 modulated neurotoxicity by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by hTDP-43 in the Drosophila model of ALS. Our results demonstrated that GstO2 was a key regulator in hTDP-43-related ALS pathogenesis and indicated its potential as a therapeutic target for ALS.

Kegiatan Seni sebagai Aktivitas Corporate Social Responsibility PT Kereta Api Indonesia

The implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility activities done by state-owned companies is to enhance the positive image of a company. It underlies the implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility activities conducted by PT KAI (Persero) in managing and developing the company's activities. Marching Band Locomotive is one of the activities managed by corporate social responsibility division, which consist of the employees of PT KAI and the society. The authors examine the Marching Band Locomotive activities from PT KAI as the research object because it is one of the marching band groups with lots of high achievement in arts however is still not too well known by public. The purpose of this research is to analyze the strategy done by PT KAI in managing Marching Band Locomotive activities. The conclusion of this research is that Marching Band Locomotive activity as a part of community relation program from PT KAI commits not only to build relationship with society, but also to give positive impact for the people who join Marching Band Locomotive from PT KAI. The implementation of Marching Band Locomotive activities by Corporate Social Responsibility division from PT KAI is also related to event promotion and it is communicated by Public Relations division through several media.

Increasing of Posture Changes as Indicator of Imminent Calving in Dairy Cows

The careful monitoring of cows helps minimise pain and distress during calving; moreover, knowing the exact time of birth is important to ensure timely assistance and the adequate ingestion of colostrum by the calf. However, direct visual observation is time-consuming, and the continuous presence of an observer during stage two of calving can disturb cows. Video cameras or accelerometers recording the behaviour of cows can be integrated in systems using image analysis or locomotive activity to alert the farmer as to when calving is imminent. However, alerting systems require the input of benchmark information about behaviours and changes in behaviours that can be predictive of the time of calving. Eight cows in a calving barn were continuously video-monitored. The recordings of the 24 h before delivery were analysed by instantaneous time sampling to identify the behaviours associated with an imminent birth. The same were collected in an ethogram including lying, standing, walking, turning the head towards the abdomen, eating, ruminating, drinking, sniffing the ground, allogrooming, self-grooming, and posture-changing. In our conditions, the only behaviour that was significantly influenced by the distance to delivery was posture-changing (p < 0.0001). Two h before the delivery, the proportion of posture changes was different from all of the hourly proportions measured from −24 to −3 h relative to delivery (p < 0.005), resulting in 3.6 times the average of the previous 22 h relative to delivery. An increase of posture changes may be an indicator of calving approaching, but further studies are needed to input benchmark values in alerting systems.

Biomechanical Analysis Of The Intervertebral Disc Implant Using The Finite Element Method

Dysfunctions of the vertebral column belong to a group of civilisation diseases and they affect approximately 80% of population. The underlying cause is modern (sedentary) lifestyle, low locomotive activity of people and frequent motor vehicle and sports accidents. Despite civilisation’s progress, no injury prophylactics or prevention of dysfunctions of the vertebral column have been introduced. The key element influencing function of the vertebral column is the intervertebral disc. It enables multidimensional movements and constitutes a basic connective element between the joints of the vertebral column. It also enables performing basic daily activities. Acting as a “damper”, it cushions vibrations and transmits loads between the vertebrae. One of the diseases affecting the intervertebral disc is discopathy. This is the most common degenerative disease, which can be treated by both conservative and surgical treatment. After removal of the damaged disc, it can be replaced by an adequate implant, which will assume its function. The implant will be expected to restore the vertebral column motor function, as well as to eliminate the pain resulting from compression of the spine caused by the damaged disc. This paper presents a biomechanical analysis using the finite element method for the L2-L3 vertebrae system with natural intervertebral disc, and the L2-L3 – implant of the intervertebral disc system. Two cases of the system vertebrae-implant were analysed which differed in the placement of the artificial disc in the intervertebral space. Within the conducted analysis, the state of displacement, strain and stress of reduced analysed systems and their individual elements was determined. A comparative analysis of the results and calculations was performed, also conclusions and observations were formulated, constituting a starting point for building more advanced calculation models and further analyses of such implants.