scholarly journals Chronological and Skeletal Age in Relation to Physical Fitness Performance in Preschool Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dandan Ke ◽  
Dajiang Lu ◽  
Guang Cai ◽  
Xiaofei Wang ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Skeletal Age ◽  
Skeletal Maturation ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Tennis Ball ◽  
Balance Beam ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Absolute

Introduction: Physical fitness is an adaptive state that varies with an individual's growth and maturity status. Considering that the difference in skeletal maturity already existed among preschool children, this study was designed to determine the influence of skeletal age and chronological age on preschoolers' physical fitness performance.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 945 healthy preschoolers (509 males, 436 females) aged between 3.0 and 6.0 years in Shanghai, China. We used the method of TW3-C RUS to determine skeletal age. Chronological age was measured by subtracting the date of birth from the test date. Sit and reach, 2 × 10 m shuttle run test, standing long jump, tennis ball throw, 5 m jump on both feet, and balance beam walk were considered for physical fitness performance. Correlation coefficients and partial correlations adjusting height and weight were used to determine the relationships among the variables of skeletal age/ relative skeletal age, chronological age/relative chronological age, and physical fitness items.Results: Skill-related physical fitness was weakly to moderately associated with skeletal age (the absolute value of r: 0.225–0.508, p < 0.01) and was moderately to strongly associated with chronological age (the absolute value of r: 0.405–0.659, p < 0.01). Health-related physical fitness items (BMI and sit and reach) showed a fairly weak to no correlation with skeletal age and chronological age. After adjusting the height and weight, an extremely weak to no correlation was observed between skeletal age and both health- and skill-related physical fitness, and weak-moderate correlations were noted between chronological age and skill-related physical fitness (the absolute value of r: 0.220–0.419, p < 0.01). In children in Grade 1, skill-related physical fitness (except for balance beam walk) showed a weak to moderate correlation with relative chronological age (the absolute value of r: 0.227–0.464, p < 0.05).Conclusion: (1) both skeletal age and chronological age are associated with skill-related rather than health-related physical fitness performance, and after adjusting height and weight, chronological age, rather than skeletal age, is associated with skill-related physical fitness performance; (2) for preschool children, skill-related physical fitness performance is influenced by relative chronological age rather than individual differences in skeletal maturation, especially in the lower grades.

Health-related physical fitness is associated with total and central body fat in preschool children aged 3 to 5 years

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 468-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Martinez-Tellez ◽  
G. Sanchez-Delgado ◽  
C. Cadenas-Sanchez ◽  
J. Mora-Gonzalez ◽  
M. Martín-Matillas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Central Body ◽  
Health Related

scholarly journals The association between the health-related physical fitness and inhibitory control in preschool children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiyan Li ◽  
Tang Zhou ◽  
Menghao Sang ◽  
Yanhua Lu ◽  
Jiajia Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Run Test ◽  
Shuttle Run

Abstract Background Inhibitory control develops rapidly during the preschool stage, and development of inhibitory control in this period is significant for the healthy growth of the future. However, most studies paid more attention to children and adolescents in recent years, but less focus on preschool children. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the association between the health-related physical fitness and inhibitory control in preschool children. Methods This study was a cross-sectional study, 128 preschool children in Yangpu District of Shanghai were recruited by convenient sampling. The health-related physical fitness T-score (HPFT) was obtained by adding standard scores of six indicators: body mass index, handgrip strength, standing long jump, one-leg balance, 2×10m shuttle run test, and 20m shuttle run test. Inhibitory control was assessed using the flanker task and reflected by reaction time and accuracy. Results A total of 120 preschoolers were included in the final statistical analysis. After adjusting the confounders, HPFT was associated with reaction time (β=-2.49ms, 95%CI: -4.22, -0.75). Similarly, a negative association was observed between one-leg balance and reaction time (β=-12.04ms, 95%CI: -18.94, -5.15), and between 20m shuttle run and reaction time (β=-23.28ms, 95%CI: -37.00, -9.56). Compared with the participants in the lowest tertile, HPFT (β=-158.74, 95%CI: -309.63, -7.84), one-leg balance(β=-267.25ms, 95%CI: -420.71, -113.79) and 20m shuttle run (β=-215.58ms, 95%CI: -374.67, -56.49) were all negatively associated with reaction time of those in the highest tertile. Conclusion In addition, there was a non-linear relationship between HPFT and reaction time (β=-3.46ms,95%CI: -5.39, -1.53) when HPFT > 249. In conclusion, in order to improve the inhibitory control, it’s suggested that HPFT of preschoolers should be at least 249.

Locomotive and Non-Locomotive Activity as Determined by Triaxial Accelerometry and Physical Fitness in Japanese Preschool Children

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 420-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiaki Tanaka ◽  
Yuki Hikihara ◽  
Kazunori Ohkawara ◽  
Shigeho Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Fitness Testing ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Locomotive Activity ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Run Test

This study examined the potential relationship between participation in physical activity (PA) assessed by triaxial accelerometry and physical fitness testing, including health-related and skill-related parameters of fitness, in 136 Japanese preschoolers (65 girls and 71 boys, 5.5 ± 0.6 years). In partial correlation analyses, grip strength and 20m shuttle run test were positively correlated with time spent in physical activity ratio (PAR) ≥ 4. Better scores on standing long jump distance and jump over and crawl under tests were associated with lower sedentary time and greater moderate-to-vigorous PA time and PAR ≥ 4 time, and increased physical activity level. Moreover, 25m run speed was positively correlated with time spent in PAR ≥ 4 and locomotive activity. These findings suggest that development of both health-related (muscle strength and aerobic fitness) and skill-related fitness (power, agility and speed) may make engagement in PA easier for preschool children, although further research on the cause-effect relationship is needed.

scholarly journals Association of health-related physical fitness with total and central body fat in preschool children aged 3 to 5 years

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
B. Martínez-Téllez ◽  
G. Sánchez-Delgado ◽  
C. Cadenas-Sánchez ◽  
J. Mora-González ◽  
F.B. Ortega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Central Body ◽  
Health Related

scholarly journals Accelerated skeletal maturation is associated with overweight and obesity as early as preschool age: a cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
DanDan Ke ◽  
Dajiang Lu ◽  
Guang Cai ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Xiaofei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Skeletal Age ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Skeletal Maturation ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background: Body mass index and skeletal age are important indicators of individual growth and maturation. The recognition of their association could contribute to the prevention of childhood obesity and accelerated skeletal maturation. This study aimed to examine the effects of overweight and obesity on accelerated skeletal maturation in preschool children. Methods: Participants included 1330 children aged 3.1-6.6 years. The main outcomes were skeletal age assessed by left hand-wrist radiograph, and body mass index classified as thinness, normal weight, overweight and obesity. Results: The percentage of accelerated skeletal maturation increased with body mass index ( x 2 = 89.442, df = 3, P <0.01) and age group ( x 2 = 43.417, df = 5, P <0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed a higher risk of accelerated skeletal maturation in children with overweight and obesity than children with normal weight after adjusting for gender and age (Overweight, OR = 3.27, 95% CI : 2.20-4.87; Obese, OR = 4.73, 95% CI : 2.99-7.48). Conclusions: Accelerated skeletal maturation was associated with overweight and obesity in preschool children, and its prevalence increased with age. These findings suggest that parents and child-health managers should be aware of an existing risk of accelerated skeletal maturation in preschool children with overweight and obesity.

scholarly journals Relationship between Physical Activity and Physical Fitness in Preschool Children: A Cross-Sectional Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Fang ◽  
Minghui Quan ◽  
Tang Zhou ◽  
Shunli Sun ◽  
Jiayi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Balance Beam ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Objectively Measured

Purpose. To evaluate the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and physical fitness among preschool children. Methods. A total of 346 participants (201 boys and 145 girls) aged 3.5–5.5 years (M=4.5 yr, SD = 0.47) from Shanghai, China, completed physical fitness assessments, including triceps skinfold thickness (TSFT), grip strength, tennis throwing, sit and reach test, standing long jump, balance beam, 10mSRT, and 20mSRT. Physical activity was objectively measured by ActiGraphGT3X+ accelerometer. Multiple linear regression models were used to explore the cross-sectional associations between PA and physical fitness after adjusting for age, gender, BMI, and valid wearing time. Results. Positive associations were observed between stand long jump (p<.01), tennis throwing (p<.01), laps in 20mSRT (p<.01), and MVPA. However, TSFT (p<.05), time in 10mSRT (p<.01), and balance beam (p<.05) were negatively associated with MVPA. Furthermore, positive associations were found between stand long jump (p<.01), tennis throwing (p<.01), and MVPA only in boys. Negative associations were found between time on balance beam (p<.01) and MVPA only in girls. Conclusions. MVPA appears to be an effective and reliable predictor of preschoolers’ physical fitness. Boys’ body composition, muscular strength, explosive strength, agility, aerobic fitness, girls’ agility, aerobic fitness, and balance could improve as MVPA increases.

scholarly journals Accelerated skeletal maturation is associated with overweight and obesity as early as preschool age: a cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dandan Ke ◽  
Dajiang Lu ◽  
Guang Cai ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Xiaofei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Skeletal Age ◽  
Skeletal Maturation ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Body mass index (BMI) and skeletal age (SA) are important indicators of individual growth and maturation. Although the results have not been unified, most studies indicated that accelerated skeletal maturation is associated with overweight/obesity. However, there have so far been insufficient studies about the association between accelerated skeletal maturation and overweight/obesity in preschoolers, particularly Asian children. A cross-sectional study was conducted on Chinese children to verify the association between accelerated skeletal maturation and overweight/obesity at preschool age. Methods The study involved 1330 participants aged 3.1–6.6 years old (730 males and 600 females) in Shanghai, China. The skeletal age was determined according to the method of TW3-C RUS. Accelerated skeletal maturation was defined as relative SA (SA minus chronological age [CA]) ≥1.0 years. BMI was classified as thinness, normal weight, overweight, and obesity according to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) BMI cut-offs. The Chi-square was performed to determine the statistically significant difference in the frequency of accelerated skeletal maturation in BMI and age categories. The logistic regression model analyzed the association between accelerated skeletal maturation and overweight/obesity. Results The percentage of accelerated skeletal maturation increased with BMI (7.8% of children in thinness group had accelerated skeletal maturation; the percentage increased to 30.8% in obese group. x2 = 89.442, df = 3, P < 0.01) and age group (at age 3.5, 3.5% of participants had accelerated skeletal maturation; at age 6.0 years, this increased to 27.8%. x2 = 43.417, df = 5, P < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that children with overweight and obesity are more likely to have accelerated skeletal maturation than children with normal weight after adjusting for gender and age (Overweight, odds ratio [OR] = 3.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.20–4.87; Obese, OR = 4.73, 95% CI: 2.99–7.48). Conclusions There is an association between accelerated skeletal maturation and overweight/obesity among preschool children. This study suggests that accelerated skeletal maturation might coexist with overweight/obesity in preschool children, and interventions, such as dietary modifications and increasing levels of physical activity, should be employed to prevent both accelerated skeletal maturation and overweight/obesity as early as preschool age.

scholarly journals Accelerated skeletal maturation is associated with overweight and obesity as early as preschool age: a cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
DanDan Ke ◽  
Dajiang Lu ◽  
Guang Cai ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Xiaofei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Skeletal Age ◽  
Skeletal Maturation ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background: Body mass index (BMI) and skeletal age (SA) are important indicators of individual growth and maturation. Although the results have not been unified, most studies indicated that accelerated skeletal maturation is associated with overweight/obesity. However, there have so far been insufficient studies about the association between accelerated skeletal maturation and overweight/obesity in preschoolers, particularly Asian children. A cross-sectional study was conducted on Chinese children to verify the association between accelerated skeletal maturation and overweight/obesity at preschool age.Methods: The study involved 1330 participants aged 3.1-6.6 years old (730 males and 600 females) in Shanghai, China. The skeletal age was determined according to the method of TW3-C RUS. Accelerated skeletal maturation was defined as relative SA (SA minus chronological age [CA]) ≥1.0 years. BMI was classified as thinness, normal weight, overweight, and obesity according to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) BMI cut-offs. The Chi-square was performed to determine the statistically significant difference in the frequency of accelerated skeletal maturation in BMI and age categories. The logistic regression model analyzed the association between accelerated skeletal maturation and overweight/obesity.Results: The percentage of accelerated skeletal maturation increased with BMI (7.8% of children in thinness group had accelerated skeletal maturation; the percentage increased to 30.8% in obese group. x2 = 89.442, df = 3, P <0.01) and age group (at age 3.5, 3.5% of participants had accelerated skeletal maturation; at age 6.0 years, this increased to 27.8%. x2 = 43.417, df = 5, P <0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that children with overweight and obesity are more likely to have accelerated skeletal maturation than children with normal weight after adjusting for gender and age (Overweight, odds ratio [OR] = 3.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.20-4.87; Obese, OR = 4.73, 95% CI: 2.99-7.48). Conclusions: There is an association between accelerated skeletal maturation and overweight/obesity among preschool children. This study suggests that accelerated skeletal maturation might coexist with overweight/obesity in preschool children, and interventions, such as dietary modifications and increasing levels of physical activity, should be employed to prevent both accelerated skeletal maturation and overweight/obesity as early as preschool age.

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