Effect of the tap water supply system on China's economy and energy consumption, and its emissions’ impact

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 660-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohong Zhang ◽  
Yan Qi ◽  
Yanqing Wang ◽  
Jun Wu ◽  
Lili Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
China’S Economy

Bayesian model of urban water safety management

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-675 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Operational Reliability ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Operational Conditions

<p>Water supply system is a critical infrastructure. Main task of urban water system is to provide consumers with drinking water in adequate quantity, at the required quality and pressure corresponding to current standards.</p> <p>For the purposes of this paper, operational reliability of the water supply system is defined as the ability to supply a constant flow of water for various groups of consumers, with a specific quality and specific pressure, according to consumers demands, in specific operational conditions, at any or at a specific time.</p> <div> <p>The main aim of this paper is to present a method for risk analysis using Bayesian process. The proposed method made it possible to estimate risk associated with the possibility of partial or total loss of the ability of water supply system operation. The paper proposes to consider two types of risk: the first type, associated with the possibility of interruptions in water supply and the second type, associated with the possibility of tap water contamination.&nbsp;</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p>

What can short temporal changes of stable isotope ratios and geochemical parameters of tap water at a single sampling site tell us?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klara Nagode ◽  
Tjaša Kanduč ◽  
Tea Zuliani ◽  
Branka Bračič Železnik ◽  
Brigita Jamnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Geochemical Composition ◽  
Temporal Differences ◽  
In The Beginning

&lt;p&gt;Investigations of tap water and its source groundwater reflect combined features of regional hydrological processes and human activities including the changes in water supply system (WSS). In this context, multi-parameter characterization can present a reliable tool to propagate the geochemical &amp;#8220;fingerprints&amp;#8221; of water source from natural or artificial mixing. If the geochemical composition of different water source end members is significantly different, we can estimate the proportions of source water and their changes from particular source to tap.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To test this hypothesis, we performed a 24 hours sampling experiment of tap water in April 2019 at selected location in Ljubljana (i.e. at Jo&amp;#382;ef Stefan Institute), where groundwater from two different water fields and aquifers (i.e. from Kle&amp;#269;e at Ljubljansko polje and Brest from Ljubljansko barje) is mixed. In-situ measurements of temperature, electrical conductivity and pH were performed and 25 water samples were collected hourly for determination of isotopic composition of oxygen (&lt;em&gt;&amp;#948;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O), hydrogen (&lt;em&gt;&amp;#948;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H) and dissolved inorganic carbon (&lt;em&gt;&amp;#948;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;DIC&lt;/sub&gt;), &lt;sup&gt;87&lt;/sup&gt;Sr/&lt;sup&gt;86&lt;/sup&gt;Sr isotope ratio and major (Ca, K, Mg and Na) and trace elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sr, Tl, U, V and Zn).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The diurnal variations of parameters are not very large; however, temporal differences of some parameters (e.g. Ba, Mg) indicate that proportion of groundwater from Kle&amp;#269;e and Brest water fields changed during the experiment. Based on observed temporal differences during the 24 hours experiment we could identify three different patterns: a.) higher values in the beginning and at the end and lower in between (i.e. &lt;em&gt;&amp;#948;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O, &lt;em&gt;&amp;#948;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;DIC&lt;/sub&gt;, Ca, Na, B, Ba, Cr, Li, Sr); b.) lower values in the beginning and at the end and higher in between (i.e. K, Mg, As, Mn, V) and c.) higher values at the beginning of experiment (i.e. Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn). The first and the second pattern (a and b) indicate the mixing of different groundwater from different water fields with different geochemical characteristics. The third pattern (c) however indicates the influence of release of elements due to corrosion of water supply system. Based on results of 24 hours experiment and additional information on functioning of water supply system changes in proportion of water from Kle&amp;#269;e and Brest water fields will be estimated.&lt;/p&gt;

Energy Embodiment of Water Supply: A Comparison between the US and China

2011 ◽  
Vol 356-360 ◽  
pp. 2175-2181
Author(s):  
Wei Wei Mo ◽  
Qiong Zhang ◽  
Rong Chang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
System A ◽  
The Us ◽  
Supply Systems

Under the rapid growth of world’s economy and population, the demand for water and energy has been increasing accordingly. Moreover, water and energy are interrelated and form a reinforcing feedback loop. Energy is used not only onsite of water supply systems, but also indirectly for producing materials used in the water systems. As a result, it is important to understand and evaluate the energy embodiment of water supply for sustainable water and energy management. This study uses the Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment software to estimate and compare the embodied energy of one China water supply system (System A) and one US water supply system (System B). It has been found that System B in the US has comparable direct operational energy consumption with System A in China; however, System B consumes much more indirect energy and constructional energy than System A. Possible reasons for the higher indirect energy use in System B might be more administrative and engineering (maintenance and repairing) services involved, lower transportation efficiency, more self water usage within the system and higher labor rates. To satisfy the water demand for the large population, China’s water supply systems have to reduce direct energy consumption during the operation phase by conducting energy budget and adopting energy efficient technologies.

scholarly journals Occurrence of multiclass endocrine disrupting compounds in a drinking water supply system and associated risks

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sze Yee Wee ◽  
Ahmad Zaharin Aris ◽  
Fatimah Md. Yusoff ◽  
Sarva Mangala Praveena
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Drinking Water Supply System

Abstract Contamination by endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) concerns the security and sustainability of a drinking water supply system and human exposure via water consumption. This study analyzed the selected EDCs in source (river water, n = 10) and supply (tap water, n = 155) points and the associated risks. A total of 14 multiclass EDCs was detected in the drinking water supply system in Malaysia. Triclosan (an antimicrobial agent) and 4-octylphenol (a plasticizer) were only detected in the tap water (up to 9.74 and 0.44 ng/L, respectively). Meanwhile, chloramphenicol and 4-nonylphenol in the system were below the method detection limits. Bisphenol A was observed to be highest in tap water at 66.40 ng/L (detection: 100%; median concentration: 0.28 ng/L). There was a significant difference in triclosan contamination between the river and tap water (p < 0.001). Overall, the life groups were estimated at no possible risk of EDCs (risk quotient < 1). Nonetheless, the results concern the transport and impact of EDCs on the drinking water supply system regarding treatment sustainability and water security. Further exploration of smart monitoring and management using Big Data and Internet of Things and the need to invent rapid, robust, sensitive, and efficient sensors is warranted.

A waterborne Campylobacter jejuni outbreak on a Greek island

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (12) ◽  
pp. 1726-1734 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. KARAGIANNIS ◽  
T. SIDEROGLOU ◽  
K. GKOLFINOPOULOU ◽  
A. TSOURI ◽  
D. LAMPOUSAKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Crossover Study ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Case Crossover

SUMMARYA case-control and a case-crossover study were performed to investigate a Campylobacter jejuni outbreak in Crete in 2009. Most cases originated from rural areas, served by a different water-supply system from that of the adjacent town. Thirty-seven cases and 79 controls were interviewed; cases were interviewed for two different time periods for the case-crossover study. Stool cultures, PFGE and MLST subtyping were run in human samples. Univariately, consumption of tap water was associated with C. jejuni infection. Stratified analysis revealed that water-supply system was an effect modifier of this association. In the multivariable analysis, the rural areas' water supplier and drinking tap water were risk factors. No risk factors were revealed in the case-crossover study. No Campylobacter were isolated in the tested water samples. There is strong epidemiological evidence that tap water was the vehicle of the outbreak.

scholarly journals A water-energy balance application with adaptations to a brazilian water supply system

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e380101019039
Author(s):  
Matheus Gonçalves Silqueira ◽  
Fernando das Graças Braga da Silva ◽  
Alex Takeo Yasumura Lima Silva ◽  
Matheus David Guimarães Barbedo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Total Energy Consumption

According to the Alliance to Save Energy, between 2 % and 3 % of the total electric energy consumed in the world is used for water pumping in supply systems, with the consumption reduction potential through energy efficiency and conservation measures being estimated at 25 %. In Brazil, the water supply sector corresponds to 2.6 % of the total energy consumed in the country, with pumping systems being responsible for over 90 % of the total energy consumption. It is extremely common to find supersized facilities with pump motor sets operating outside their ideal points, with it being a common practice to perform flow and pressure control through the installation of valves. The use of reducing valves inserts unnecessary pressure drops into the hydraulic system, increasing energy consumption. The objective of this work is to present an energy balance of a study sector of the Autonomous Water and Sewage Service (AWSS) of a municipality in the south of Minas Gerais, Brazil, aiming to elucidate the electric energy consumption of the system and where the reduction in such consumption may occur. For this, we measured data such as the efficiency of the pump motor sets, calculated performance indicators and water loss indices, and applied the energy balance adapted. This work presents an application of a water-energy balance with adaptations to a Brazilian water supply system, under the perspective of the energy efficiency in lift station pump motor sets.

The power efficiency of the Tajo-Segura transfer and desalination

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 536-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Melgarejo ◽  
B. Montano
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Power Efficiency ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Time Of Operation ◽  
Density Of Water

The origin of the water supply system of Tajo-Segura, in 1932, goes back to when it was the unique possible solution to the shortage of hydric resources in the Confederación Hidrográfica del Segura (CHS). Its energy consumption is not homogeneous; it could be bigger or smaller, depending on the different water destination. The energy cost average of water of the Tajo-Segura water supply system is 1.21 kWh/m3. The energy consumption of desalination depends on the type of process used to desalinate the water, the time of operation and the capacity of the plant, and also on the density of water to treat. In any case, the energy consumption of the desalination ranges between 3.8 and 4.2 kWh/m3; obviously that is bigger than those obtained of the Tajo-Segura water supply system (1.21 kWh/m3).

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