scholarly journals On the way to becoming a society of downward mobility? Intergenerational occupational mobility in seven West German birth cohorts (1944–1978)

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 100609
Author(s):  
Richard Nennstiel
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Mobility ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Downward Mobility ◽  
The Way

INTERGENERATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY IN 19TH-CENTURY SPAIN (VALENCIA), 1841-1870

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-46
Author(s):  
Carlos Santiago-Caballero
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Occupational Mobility ◽  
International Markets ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Downward Mobility ◽  
Agrarian Capitalism

ABSTRACT This paper sheds light on a crucial period of Spanish economic history, analysing changes in intergenerational occupational mobility. We use newly collected empirical evidence from Valencia, a region that followed a path of growth based on agrarian capitalism focused on international markets. We show that occupational mobility improved between 1841 and 1850, but that this situation reversed during the following decades. The opportunities offered to individuals from poorer families quickly disappeared. Put in international perspective, occupational mobility in Valencia was far lower than in other European countries, where both downward and especially upward mobility were considerably higher. By 1870, Valencia had become a polarised society, where the lowest part of the income distribution suffered increasing pauperisation and downward mobility.

The Effects of Part-Time Work on Women's Occupational Mobility in Britain: Evidence from the 1958 Birth Cohort Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. R20-R37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley Dex ◽  
Erzsébet Bukodi
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Occupational Mobility ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Downward Mobility ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Part Time Work

The effects of working part time on job downgrading and upgrading are examined over the life course of British women born in 1958. We use longitudinal data with complete work histories from a large-scale nationally representative cohort study. Occupations were ranked by their hourly average earnings. Analyses show a strong link between full-time/part-time transitions and downward and upward occupational mobility over the course of up to thirty years of employment. Probabilities of occupational mobility were affected by women's personal traits, occupational characteristics and demand-side factors. Downward mobility on moving from full-time to part-time work was more likely for women at the top levels of the occupational hierarchy working in male-dominated or mixed occupations and less likely in higher occupations with more part-time jobs available.

Mothers, sons and daughters: intergenerational transmission of education in Canada

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-586
Author(s):  
Ehsan Latif
Keyword(s):  
Upward Mobility ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Educational Mobility ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Downward Mobility ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mobility Index ◽  
Children's Education ◽  
Children’S Education ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThis study used data from the General Social Survey (2011) to examine the trends in intergenerational educational mobility in Canada for the 1940–1989 birth cohorts. To this end, the purpose of this study is to focus on the relationship between mothers' education and children's education.Design/methodology/approachThe study estimated intergenerational regression and correlation coefficients and several mobility indices, namely, the Prais–Shorrocks index, immobility index, upward mobility index and downward mobility index.FindingsThe study found considerable gender differences with respect to the trends in these coefficients and indices. The study found that, over the period of study, the correlation coefficient slightly increased for sons while it decreased for daughters. The Prais–Shorrocks index, immobility index, upward mobility index and downward mobility index show that educational mobility has increased for daughters while that of sons has decreased over time. Finally, the relative educational opportunities indicators also suggest a similar result that educational mobility has increased for the daughters while it fell for the sons.Originality/valueA number of studies used Canadian data to examine intergenerational educational mobility. However, no study particularly focused on the relationship between mothers' education and children's education. In recent years, women's labor force participation rate and employment rate increased significantly. Thus, it will be interesting to see how mothers' education is related to children's education in Canada.

scholarly journals Rethinking Occupational Mobility in Developing Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 172-194
Author(s):  
Anthony Heath ◽  
Yizhang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Occupational Mobility ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Relative Mobility ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
The Way

This chapter discusses current methods for measuring and analysing occupational mobility, and the way in which methods designed for the analysis of industrial countries may need to be modified when applied in other contexts. The chapter discusses particular features of some developing countries, such as their large and complex agricultural and informal sectors, and the problem of ‘equivalence of meaning’, which arises when stratification systems involve rather different institutional arrangements, for example with respect to land tenure. The chapter concludes with a discussion of absolute and relative mobility in Chile, China, Egypt, and India, bringing out both the similarities and the differences between these countries in their absolute and relative rates of mobility and intersectionality with gender.

scholarly journals Patterns of Absolute and Relative Social Mobility: A Comparative Study of England, Wales and Scotland

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 58-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Paterson ◽  
Cristina Iannelli
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Country Of Birth ◽  
Relative Mobility ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Downward Mobility ◽  
Large Growth ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Comparative Study

We use the British Household Panel Study to analyse change over birth cohorts in patterns of social mobility in England, Scotland and Wales. In several respects, our conclusions are similar to those reached by other authors on the basis of wider comparisons. There has been a large growth in non-manual employment since the middle of the twentieth century. This led first to a rise in upward mobility, but, as parents of younger people have now themselves benefited from that, has more recently forced people downward from their middle-class origins. These changes have largely not been a growth in relative social mobility: it is change induced by the occupational structure. The conclusions apply both to current class and to the class which people entered when they first entered the labour market. The patterns of relative mobility could not be explained statistically by measures of the respondents’ educational attainment. The conclusions were broadly the same for the three countries, but there was some evidence that in the youngest cohort (people born between 1967 and 1976) experience of people from Wales was diverging from that of people from England and Scotland, with rather greater amounts of downward mobility. There were two methodological conclusions. Out-migration from country of birth within the UK did not seem to make any important difference to our results. That is encouraging for analysis of surveys confined to one of the three countries, because it suggests that losing track of out-migrants would not distort the results. The second methodological conclusion is that the comparative study of social mobility can find interesting topics to investigate at social levels lower than that of the state, here the comparison of the three countries which make up Britain.

The Transmission of Education across Generations: Evidence from Australia

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1893-1917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasika Ranasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Parental Education ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Downward Mobility ◽  
Child Schooling ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Lower Education ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This study analyzes changes in the transmission of education across generations in Australia for the birth cohorts 1942 through 1991 using a range of measures: the estimated effect of parental education on that of the child, schooling correlations between parents and children and a series of mobility indices. Our results suggest that while the overall level of education and intergenerational education mobility has increased over time, there are considerable regional and gender differences. Daughters’ education attainment is still relatively highly correlated with their parents compared to sons and the extent of absolute upward mobility was modest while immobility and downward mobility have remained relatively steady during the last five decades. During this period, relative education opportunities have increased over time at lower education levels, while the trend has been comparatively stable at higher levels.

scholarly journals Group 3: Ethnic Groups and the Labour Market

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hicks ◽  
Craig Hill ◽  
David Imray ◽  
Richard Swarey
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Occupational Mobility ◽  
Discussion Group ◽  
Positive Action ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Education Training ◽  
The Way

This discussion group focussed on five major questions. (1) What are the appropriate ethnic groupings to be considered? (2) What type(s) of disadvantage do these groups experience in employment, for example in income and occupational mobility? (3) Does the disadvantage result from "cultural rejection" by the groups or from discrimination? (4) What role is played by lack of education, training and experience in generating disadvantage? (5) What can be done in the way of positive action programmes? Questions of highest priority were identified, as well as obstacles and other observations concerning this research.

scholarly journals Obstacles to Social Mobility in India—And the Way Forward

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (807) ◽  
pp. 123-129
Author(s):  
Anirudh Krishna
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
Downward Mobility ◽  
Real Possibility ◽  
The World ◽  
The Way

“For many … significant upward mobility remains a doubtful prospect, while substantial downward mobility is a real possibility.” Eighth in a series on social mobility around the world.

scholarly journals Occupational Mobility at Migration - Evidence from Spain

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 158-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikolaj Stanek ◽  
Alberto Veira Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Occupational Mobility ◽  
Downward Mobility ◽  
Region Of Origin ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Bivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Using Data ◽  
First Job ◽  
Insight Into

This article provides insight into the determinants of occupational mobility recorded for immigrants between their last job in the region of origin and their first job in Spain. Multinomial and bivariate logistic regression models are applied to identify the strongest predictors of upward and downward mobility when immigrants move from one country's labour market to another. This study's empirical analysis was carried out using data from the Spanish National Immigrant Survey of 2007. Our results show that ethnic segmentation in the Spanish labour market negatively affects the occupational mobility of immigrants. Secondly, we observe that non EU15 immigrants are at higher risk of downward mobility. Thirdly, higher levels of education offer protection against downward mobility and increase the chance for upgrading. Finally, contrary to our predictions, social capital embedded in support received from friends and relatives who reside in the destination country increases the risk of occupational downgrading and reduces the possibility of upward mobility.

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