Elemental composition of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.) under low input systems of southern Brazil

ABSTRACT Yerba mate leaves are the most studied and used parts of the tree, while fruits have been little investigated as to their elemental composition. The objective of this study was to characterize the composition, the hot-water solubility of the elements and the nutritional value of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hill) fruits and leaves. Both fruits and leaves were collected from four yerba mate provenances (cities of Cascavel, Quedas do Iguaçu and Ivaí in Paraná state and Barão de Cotegipe in Rio Grande do Sul state) 17 years of age, grown in the city of Pinhais, Paraná state, Brazil. The total and hot water-soluble contents of 22 and 20 elements, respectively, were determined. The elemental composition of the fruits presented the following decreasing order: C, K, N, Mg, Ca, P, Al, Na, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ba, Cu, Ni, Mo, Pb, Cr, As, Co, Ag, V and Cd. For the leaves the decreasing order was: C, N, K, Ca, Mg, P, Al, Mn, Na, Fe, Zn, Ba, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr, Mo, As, Co, Ag, V and Cd. It was found than 2 to 8 elements in the fruit presented greater water solubility than in the leaves. In case of consumption via infusion of the fruits or leaves, there would be nutritive value for K, Mg, P, Mn, Cr, Mo, Cu and Zn, while consumption of capsules would have nutritive value only for Mn via the leaves. In general, the fruits have more distinct elemental composition, hot-water solubility and nutritional value than yerba mate leaves.

Download Full-text

Arsenic, cadmium and lead concentrations in Yerba mate commercialized in Southern Brazil by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20170202 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (12) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Lisia Maria Gobbo dos Santos ◽

Santos Alves Vicentini Neto ◽

Giovanna Iozzi ◽

Silvana do Couto Jacob

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Ilex Paraguariensis ◽

South American ◽

Yerba Mate ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

Inductively Coupled ◽

Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽

Cadmium Lead ◽

Cadmium And Lead

ABSTRACT: “Mate” or “Yerba Mate” (Ilex paraguariensis) is a native South American plant, commonly consumed in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and southern Brazil. Recent research has detected the presence of many vitamins and metals in this plant. Theses metals are also part of yerba mate’s mineral composition, due to soil and water contamination by pesticides and fertilizers, coal and oil combustion, vehicle emissions, mining, smelting, refining and the incineration of urban and industrial waste. Regardless of their origin, some inorganic elements, such as arsenic, cadmium and lead, are considered toxic, since they accumulate in all plant tissues and are, thus, introduced into the food chain. In this context, the aim of the present study was to determine and compare arsenic, cadmium, lead concentrations in 104 samples of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) marketed, and consumed in three southern Brazilian States, namely Paraná (PR), Santa Catarina (SC) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Each element was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), on a Nexion 300D equipment (Perkin Elmer). As, Cd and Pb concentrations in yerba mate leaves ranged from 0.015 to 0.15mg kg-1, 0.18 to 1.25mg kg-1 and 0.1 to 1.20mg kg-1, respectively. Regarding Cd, 84% of the samples from RS, 63% from PR and 75% from SC showed higher concentrations than the maximum permissible limit of 0.4mg kg-1 established by the Brazilian National Sanitary Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), while 7% of the samples from RS and 5% from PR were unsatisfactory for Pb. Concentrations were below the established ANVISA limit of 0.6mg kg-1 for all samples.

Download Full-text

Two eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) associated with Ilex paraguariensis from Brazil

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4324.2.8 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4324 (2) ◽

pp. 363

Author(s):

GUILHERME LIBERATO DA SILVA ◽

ISADORA ZANATTA ESSWEIN ◽

CATIANE DAMEDA ◽

NOELI JUAREZ FERLA

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Host Plant ◽

Mite Species ◽

Ilex Paraguariensis ◽

Yerba Mate ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

Key To Species ◽

The Third ◽

Eriophyoid Mites ◽

Eriophyoid Mite

Diptilostatus chimarricus n. sp. is described based on specimens collected on Ilex paraguariensis A. St.–Hill. (Aquifoliaceae), commonly known as yerba mate, from southern Brazil. It is the third eriophyoid mite species reported on I. paraguariensis in Brazil. This new species caused no observable damage to its host plant. A key to species of Diptilostatus is provided. Dichopelmus notus Keifer, 1959, also from yerba mate, is redescribed.

Download Full-text

Influence of roadways on heavy metal content in soils and yerba mate tissue in southern Brazil

Management of Environmental Quality An International Journal ◽

10.1108/meq-10-2019-0219 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (6) ◽

pp. 1477-1495 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Cleiton Frigo ◽

Ederlan Magri ◽

Julierme Zimmer Barbosa ◽

Laudete Maria Sarteretto ◽

Eloá Moura Araujo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Metal Pollution ◽

Plant Tissue ◽

Heavy Metal Pollution ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Ilex Paraguariensis ◽

Yerba Mate ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

Production Chain ◽

Content Type

PurposeVehicular road traffic may represent an important soil and plant contamination source. In this context, the concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, As, Sb, Ni, Cu, Fe, Al, Mn and Zn) and macronutrients (Ca, Mg, K and P) was evaluated in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) cultivations and in soils adjacent to highways.Design/methodology/approachThe investigated yerba mate cultivations were located in southern Brazil. Plant tissue (young and old leaves and branches) and soil (0–10 cm) samples were collected at five distances from the highway (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40 and 40–50 m). Plant tissue was analyzed with and without washing to evaluate contributions from particulate deposition.FindingsAlthough increases in soil pseudo-total concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ca and Mg were observed only at the Erechim site, geoaccumulation indices and enrichment factors (EFs) did not indicate any heavy metal pollution. These results indicate the existence of natural variation in soil. Cadmium was more concentrated in branches than in leaves, while the opposite was observed for Pb. High levels of Mn and Al were found in foliar tissue. In summary, highway proximity did not lead to heavy metal contamination of yerba mate under the evaluated conditions.Originality/valueThis research explores the possibility of heavy metal pollution in plantations of yerba mate adjacent to highways and indicates natural concentrations of toxic elements that exceed current legislation, which was an important discovery regarding the yerba mate production chain.

Download Full-text

SOIL CHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF YERBA MATE LEAVES

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v48i3.56677 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 425 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Fernando Vaccari Toppel ◽

Agenor Maccari Junior ◽

Antônio Carlos Vargas Motta ◽

Cleiton Frigo ◽

Ederlan Magri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Elemental Composition ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Optical Emission ◽

Raw Material ◽

Ilex Paraguariensis ◽

Yerba Mate ◽

Growing Environment ◽

Chemical Attributes ◽

Mn Concentrations

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) is a raw material used in making a beverage whose chemical composition can be altered by the growing environment and the management adopted during its cultivation. Thus, it is essential that scientific studies are undertaken to understand the chemical composition of yerba mate related to its growing environment. The aim of this work was to determine the elemental composition in the leaves of yerba mate from native cultivations that had never received fertilization and liming, from the Southern Region of the state of Paraná, Brazil. Soil and leaf samples were collected at 11 sites located in the municipalities of São Mateus do Sul, Mallet, São João do Triunfo, and Lapa. Leaf analyzes were performed in an Optical Emission Spectrometer with Inductively Coupled Plasma. The mean concentrations observed (mg kg-1), in decreasing order, were: Ca – 7880; K – 7310; Mn – 2418; - Mg – 820; P – 720; Al – 474; Fe – 231; B – 78; Zn – 62; Ba - 62; Cu – 8.9; Ni – 5.6; Cr – 0.82; V – 0.53; Co – 0.17. The Mn concentrations were directly correlated with Al3+ saturation and inversely correlated with base saturation, pH, and the available Ca2+, demonstrating that changes among these soil components can significantly modify the Mn concentrations in the yerba mate leaves. The high concentrations of Mn and Al in the leaves of yerba mate demonstrate the adaptation of this species to acidic soils with high saturation of Al3+.

Download Full-text

A multivariate approach to differentiate yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) commercialized in the southern Brazil on the basis of phenolics, methylxanthines and in vitro antioxidant activity

Food Science and Technology ◽

10.1590/fst.15919 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 645-652

Author(s):

Acácio Antonio Ferreira ZIELINSKI ◽

Aline ALBERTI ◽

Evandro BONA ◽

Débora Gonçalves BORTOLINI ◽

Laís BENVENUTTI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ilex Paraguariensis ◽

Yerba Mate ◽

Multivariate Approach ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

In Vitro Antioxidant Activity

Download Full-text

Yerba Mate

Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies - Exploring the Nutrition and Health Benefits of Functional Foods ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-0591-4.ch009 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 185-194

Author(s):

Roberto Buffo

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Hot Water ◽

Ilex Paraguariensis ◽

Yerba Mate ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

Herbal Tea ◽

In Vivo Models ◽

Northeastern Argentina

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is a plant original from the subtropical regions of South America, present in Southern Brazil, Northeastern Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. It is primarily consumed as a beverage made by steeping the leaves of the plant in hot water. The growing interest in mate products has made it paramount that research on this herbal tea continues, as it has shown extraordinary possibilities not only as a consumer beverage but also in the nutraceutical industry. Yet, there is much to be done: human-based studies to support the properties verified in vitro and in vivo models with animas are scarce.

Download Full-text

Rooting of yerba mate cuttings with different lengths

Revista Eletrônica Científica da UERGS ◽

10.21674/2448-0479.51.6-12 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 6-12

Author(s):

Manoela Mendes DUARTE ◽

Maria Cecília MIRESKI ◽

Afonso OLISZESKI ◽

Ivar WENDLING ◽

Carlos André STUEPP

Keyword(s):

Vegetative Propagation ◽

Clonal Propagation ◽

Average Length ◽

Clonal Plants ◽

Ilex Paraguariensis ◽

Yerba Mate ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

Genetic Quality ◽

High Production

Due to its economic, social, and ecological potential, Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil is considered one of the most important native forestry species in southern Brazil, needing high production of quality plants to supply consumption. Therefore, vegetative propagation is a key technique since it enables plants production with higher standard and genetic quality. Several studies have focused on defining appropriate methods for rooting yerba mate cuttings, even though the overall rooting indexes are not yet considered appropriate. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the rooting, root and aerial vigor of yerba mate cuttings and determine the best cuttings length for formation of clonal plants. Twenty parent trees were pruned and after five months epimoric sprouts were collected to prepare stem cuttings with lengths of 2 ± 0.2 cm, 4 ± 0.2 cm, 6 ± 0.2 cm, 8 ± 0.2 cm, 10 ± 0.2 cm and 12 ± 0.2 cm and diameter of 0.5 ± 0.2 cm. We planted cuttings in plastic boxes filled with substrate based on carbonized yerba mate matchsticks and vermiculite. After 120 days we evaluated the percentage of rooting, number of roots per cutting, average length of the 3 largest roots per cutting, cuttings with callus, cuttings with roots and callus, mortality, sprouts emission, and leaf maintenance. Our results show that rooting and vigor of roots in yerba mate stem cuttings are influenced by cuttings length, being 10 cm cuttings the most efficient for clonal propagation of the species.

Download Full-text

Vegetative propagation, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of yerba mate genotypes

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

10.1017/s1479262121000150 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Leandro Marcolino Vieira ◽

Renata de Almeida Maggioni ◽

Jéssica de Cássia Tomasi ◽

Erik Nunes Gomes ◽

Ivar Wendling ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Vegetative Propagation ◽

Adventitious Rooting ◽

Ilex Paraguariensis ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Yerba Mate ◽

Total Phenolic Compounds ◽

Leaf Retention ◽

Correlated Components

Abstract Ilex paraguariensis, commonly known as yerba mate, is a tree species native to South America. Its commercial value is due to the manufacturing of teas, with potential also in the pharmacological and cosmetic industries. Vegetative propagation of yerba mate is considered an innovation to the traditional production systems based on sexual propagation. The present study aimed to evaluate the rhizogenic potential and chemical attributes of mini-cuttings from 15 yerba mate genotypes, as well as to verify the correlation between phytochemical and rooting-related variables. Mini-cuttings were collected from a pre-existing mini-clonal hedge and the experimental design was completely randomized, with 15 treatments (genotypes), four replications and 10 mini-cuttings per plot. After 120 days, mini-cuttings were assessed regarding rooting, mortality, callogenesis and leaf retention percentages, percentage of mini-cuttings with both calluses and roots, number of roots and average root length. At the time of collection, subsamples from each plot were used for phytochemical analyses including total phenolic compounds, protein, caffeine and theobromine contents and antioxidant activity. Rooting percentages ranged from 5 to 72.5%, with significant variation among genotypes. Adventitious rooting and phytochemical profile of yerba mate mini-cuttings are genotype-dependent. Leaf retention is a relevant factor in the rooting of yerba mate mini-cuttings and the levels of total phenolic compounds, antioxidants and theobromine present in mini-cuttings are negatively correlated components to Ilex paraguariensis adventitious rooting.

Download Full-text

PERSISTÊNCIA NO SOLO DE INÓCULO DE Beauveria bassiana EMPREGADO PARA O CONTROLE DE Hedypathes betulinus EM PLANTIO DE Ilex paraguariensis

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v41i1.21194 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Larissa Rolim Borges ◽

Sônia Maria Noemberg Lazzari ◽

Ida Chapaval Pimentel ◽

Lívia Cardoso Bueno de Camargo ◽

Lílian Mattos Kalinoski

Keyword(s):

Beauveria Bassiana ◽

Entomopathogenic Fungus ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Agricultural Practices ◽

Control Measures ◽

Ilex Paraguariensis ◽

Natural Occurrence ◽

Yerba Mate ◽

Santa Catarina ◽

Wood Borer

O controle da broca-da-erva-mate, Hedypathes betulinus, limita-se ao emprego de práticas silviculturais e catação manual dos insetos adultos, não sendo permitido o uso de inseticidas químicos na cultura. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivos verificar a presença natural de Beauveria bassiana no solo de plantio em monocultura de erva-mate, determinar a persistência de B. bassiana no solo após duas e três aplicações do fungo e averiguar a influência de fatores abióticos na estabilidade do fungo no solo. O estudo foi conduzido em um erval no município de Campo Alegre, Santa Catarina, Brasil, onde foram coletadas amostras de solo em duas áreas, para avaliação da presença natural de inóculos do fungo B. bassiana, procedendo-se à contagem, isolamento e identificação.Não foi detectada a ocorrência natural do fungo no solo em nenhuma das duas áreas. Após essa confirmação, foram realizadas pulverizações com B. bassiana em ambas as áreas, sendo que em uma ocorreram duas e na outra três aplicações. Após a última pulverização, realizada em fevereiro/2006, verificou-se que os inóculos do fungo persistiram por 90 dias na área com duas aplicações e 120 dias na área com três aplicações. A temperatura afetou a persistência do fungo no solo em ambas as áreas, mas a umidade relativa não mostrou influência sobre os inóculos em campo.Palavras-chave: Broca-da-erva-mate; controle biológico; epizootia; fungo entomopatogênico. AbstractPersistence in soil of inoculum of Beauveria bassiana used to control Hedypathes betulinus in yerba maté plantation, Ilex paraguariensis. Control measures of Hedypathes betulinus are restricted to agricultural practices and hand picking of adult insects. No chemical control is allowed in yerba maté cultivation areas. The objectives of this research were to verify the natural occurrence of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana in the soil of yerba maté in monoculture; to determine the persistence of inoculums in the soil after applications of the fungus; and to evaluate the influence of abiotic factors on fungus stability in the soil. The soil samples were taken from two experimental areas in a yerba maté plantation in the county of Campo Alegre, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The samples were analyzed in order to count, isolate and identify inoculums of B. bassiana and other fungi. After the confirmation that B. bassiana was not present in the soil, a suspension of the fungus was applied, twice in one of the areas and three times in the other. After the last application in February/2006, the inoculum persisted for 90 and 120 days, in the area with two and three applications, respectively. The temperature affected the persistence of B. bassiana in soil; however, the relative humidity did not.Keywords: Biological control; epizooty; entomopathogenic fungus; wood borer.

Download Full-text