ilex paraguariensis
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helber da Maia Valença ◽  
Cyntia Pecli Silva ◽  
Lycia Brito Gitirana ◽  
Samuel Santos Valença ◽  
Manuella Lanzetti

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-136
Author(s):  
Mirela Vanin dos Santos Lima ◽  
Grasieli Beloni de Melo ◽  
Liandra Gracher Teixeira ◽  
Cristiane Grella Miranda ◽  
Pedro Henrique Hermes de Araújo ◽  
...  

Nativa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 494-499
Author(s):  
Samara Deschamps Gelsleichter ◽  
Heloisa Milesky Alves Massaneiro ◽  
Andrei de Souza da Silva ◽  
Priscilla Dors ◽  
David José Miquelluti ◽  
...  

A deficiência de zinco representa um problema de saúde pública. Uma das estratégias para melhorar essa questão consiste em biofortificação agronômica. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar o teor de Zn na parte aérea (folhas e ramos) e o limite crítico de Zn para plantas de erva-mate submetidas a adubação com sulfato de Zn. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação no município de Lages. Foi utilizado Cambissolo Háplico Distrófico Típico, o qual foi submetido a análise química (Tedesco et al., 1995) e granulométrica (EMBRAPA, 1997). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado. As unidades experimentais foram compostas por vasos contendo 6 kg de solo, cinco doses de Zn (0, 100, 200, 300 e 400 mg.kg-1) e sete repetições, totalizando 35 unidades experimentais. Foram realizadas análises antes da colheita (Índice SPAD, altura e Infrared Gas Analyser - IRGA) e análises após a colheita (peso fresco e seco de parte aérea, teor de Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Zn na folha). Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância, com normalidade testada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk e a homogeneidade de variâncias pelo teste de Levenne, a nível de significância de 5%. A aplicação de doses crescentes de Zn ao solo resultou em aumento do teor de Zn na parte aérea de forma linear.  O teor médio de Zn na folha variou de 27 mg kg-1 na ausência de aplicação de Zn a 883 mg kg-1 na dose aplicado de 400 mg kg-1.  Não houve diferença estatística para massa fresca, seca de parte aérea, índice SPAD, altura, condutância estomática e transpiração indicando ausência de estresse oxidativo. Não foi possível calcular o limite crítico de Zn para erva-mate. Palavras-chave: biofortificação agronômica; Cambissolo; Ilex paraguariensis.   Diagnose yerba mate nutritional and photosynthetic indices under different levels of zinc fertilization   ABSTRACT: Zinc deficiency represents a public health problem. One of the strategies to improve this issue is agronomic biofortification. The objective of this research was to evaluate the Zn content in the aerial part (leaves and branches) and the critical limit of Zn for yerba mate plants submitted to fertilization with Zn sulfate. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in the municipality of Lages. A typical Dystrophic Cambisol was used, which was subjected to chemical (Tedesco et al., 1995) and granulometric (EMBRAPA, 1997) analysis. The experimental design used was completely randomized. The experimental units were composed of pots containing 6 kg of soil, five doses of Zn (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg.kg-1) and seven replications, totaling 35 experimental units. Analyzes were performed before harvesting (SPAD Index, height and Infrared Gas Analyzer - IRGA) and analyzes after harvesting (fresh and dry aerial weight, and Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Zn content in the leaf). The data were submitted to analysis of variance, with normality tested by the Shapiro-Wilk test and homogeneity of variances by the Levenne test, at a significance level of 5%. The application of increasing doses of Zn to the soil resulted in a linear increase in the Zn content in the aerial part. The average Zn content in the leaf varied from 27 mg kg-1 in the absence of Zn application to 883 mg kg-1 at the applied dose of 400 mg kg-1. There was no statistical difference for fresh, dry shoot weight, SPAD index, height, stomatal conductance and perspiration indicating absence of oxidative stress. It was not possible to calculate the critical limit of Zn for yerba mate. Keywords: biofortification agronomic; Cambisol; Ilex paraguariensis.


Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (24) ◽  
pp. 7442
Author(s):  
Emil Paluch ◽  
Piotr Okińczyc ◽  
Anna Zwyrzykowska-Wodzińska ◽  
Jakub Szperlik ◽  
Barbara Żarowska ◽  
...  

Plants from the Ilex genus are known for properties such as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity, can act as antiobesity agents and thus can be helpful in medicine. Some holly species, such as Ilex paraguariensis (widely known in the form of popular beverage: yerba mate), have been investigated, while others have been partially researched or remain unknown. Therefore, we performed qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses and screened antimicrobial properties of lesser-studied species (I. aquifolium L., I. aquifolium ‘Argentea Marginata’ and I. × meserveae ‘Blue Angel’). I. paraguariensis was used as a standard species for comparison purposes. Investigations were performed on water extracts due to their expected activity and composition. Antimicrobial research included evaluating minimal inhibitory, bactericidal (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) and fungicidal concentration (Candida albicans, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, and Aspergillus niger) of extracts. The influence of the extracts on the production, eradication, and viability of bacterial biofilms was also analysed. It was established that Ilex paraguariensis possesses the richest profile of hydroxycinnamic acids derivatives in terms of component concentration and diversity. Ilex spp., especially I. × meserveae, contain a slightly higher amount of flavonoids and more different flavonoid derivatives than I. paraguariensis. However, the strongest antibacterial activity was shown by I. aquifolium L. and its cultivar ‘Argentea Marginata’ in terms of minimal inhibitory, bactericidal and fungicidal concentration, and biofilm assays. Extracts from both species significantly reduced the biofilm viability of S. aureus as well, which may be of use in the production of multicomponent lavaseptics, antiseptics, diuretics (supporting urinary tract infection therapy) and, due to their action on fungi, additives to growth media for specific fungi. The significant content of saponins enables Ilex extracts to be used as natural emulsifiers, for example, in cosmetics. Moreover, relatively high chlorogenic acid and rutin content may suggest use of Ilex spp. to treat obesity, digestive problems, in chemoprevention, and as preservatives in the food industry.


Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2925
Author(s):  
Jędrzej Proch ◽  
Aleksandra Orłowska ◽  
Przemysław Niedzielski

In this work, a methodology for determination of As(III), As(V), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), Fe(II) and Fe(III) in fifty-eight samples (forty-nine products of thirteen brands from three countries) commercial yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) was performed. The hyphenated high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (HPLC-ICP OES) technique was used. Arsenic was determined below the quantification limit in 38 samples of yerba mate. As(III) was found at the level 0.09 and 0.08 mg kg−1. The As(V) content was in the range: 0.21 to 0.28 mg kg−1. The content of DMA was found the highest of the three arsenic species in the range: 0.21 to 0.47 mg kg−1. The content of Fe(II) and Fe(III) was found in the range: 0.61 to 15.4 mg kg−1 and 0.66 to 43.1 mg kg−1, respectively and the dominance of Fe(III) was observed. Moreover, total and extractable content of 16 elements were determined. The results have been subjected to statistical analysis in order to establish relationships between samples of the same origin (country), kind (type) and composition (purity).


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Ingrid Vicente Farias ◽  
Eduarda Fratoni ◽  
Lais Cristina Theindl ◽  
Angela Machado de Campos ◽  
Eduardo Monguilhott Dalmarco ◽  
...  

Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae), popularly known as “yerba mate,” has great economic and social significance for the population of Southern Latin America. This study was conducted (1) to investigate the phytochemical composition of four different standardized extracts, (2) to investigate its free radical scavenging properties, and (3) to investigate the anti-inflammatory action of I. paraguariensis and its major chemical markers. The chemical profile was achieved by Folin-Ciocalteu, by LC/DAD, and by LC/MS assays, while the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties were investigated, respectively, by DPPH assay and by inhibition of nitric oxide (Griess reaction) and TNF-α (ELISA). Our results demonstrated that the IA (aqueous infusion extract) showed higher amounts of total phenolic contents ( 266.62 ± 10.85   mg CAE·g-1 DE), the highest amounts of all six chemical markers (theobromine, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeine, and rutin), and stronger antioxidant activity ( E C 50 = 54.4 ± 5.14   μ g · m L − 1 ). The IA extract also showed the lowest inhibition of NOx secretion ( 50.10 ± 8.97 % ) as well as inhibition of TNF-α ( 83.33 ± 4.01 % ). Regarding the chemical markers, all compounds showed strong inhibition of NOx secretion, especially theobromine, which was 200x more potent than dexamethasone. Furthermore, TNF-α secretion was also significantly decreased by THEO at 0.033 μM ( 22.15 ± 6.49 % ), NCA at 1.97 μM ( 27.46 ± 3.98 % ), CCA at 0.35 μM ( 39.76 ± 5.73 % ), CGA at 0.56 μM ( 23.58 ± 5.79 % ), CAF at 0.52 μM ( 26.45 ± 5.34 % ), and RUT at 0.16 μM ( 40.18 ± 3.70 % ). Our results suggest that I. paraguariensis and its major chemical markers have strong free radical scavenging properties as well as showed important anti-inflammatory activity and that these compounds in a plant extract may work based on several different mechanisms synergistically, resulting in moderating the immune system.


2021 ◽  
Vol 171 ◽  
pp. 113897
Author(s):  
Antônio Djalma Nunes Ferraz ◽  
Laura Fuentes ◽  
Victoria de la Sovera ◽  
Patricia Bovio-Winkler ◽  
Felipe Eng ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Fernanda Bruxel ◽  
Kétlin Fernanda Rodrigues ◽  
Júlia Gastmann ◽  
Mara Cíntia Winhelmann ◽  
Shirley Martins Silva ◽  
...  

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