College for some to college for all: Social background, occupational expectations, and educational expectations over time

2008 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 461-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Goyette
2021 ◽  
pp. 003804072110392
Author(s):  
Caitlin E. Ahearn

Students with aligned educational and occupational expectations have improved college and labor market outcomes. Despite extensive knowledge about the ways social background and school context contribute to educational expectations, less is known about the role of social intuitions in shaping expectational alignment. Drawing on data from the 2009 High School Longitudinal Study, I estimate the magnitude of socioeconomic inequality in alignment. I examine how differences in observed student characteristics contribute to, and whether school-based postsecondary planning initiatives mitigate, that inequality. Results from multinomial regression models show large socioeconomic differences in ninth-grade alignment, and I identify achievement, attitudes about college and careers, and relationships with significant others as contributors to those differences. Participation in postsecondary planning is associated with reduced uncertainty and increased alignment, but this relationship does not differ by social background, indicating that the examined college and career planning policies do little to address inequality in alignment.


1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-666
Author(s):  
Daniel H. Krymkowski ◽  
Henryk Domaáski

This paper tests hypotheses concerning the relationship between social change and occupational and earnings attainment among men and women in contemporary Poland. Utilizing national-level survey data from 1982, 1987, and 1991—3, we examine the effects of social background, educational attainment, and work experience on occupational prestige and earnings. Findings from regression and multilevel models reveal complex patterns of stability and change over time, and a number of interesting results emerge. Most significantly, the effect of years of education on both earnings and occupational prestige was fairly stable before 1989, but has been increasing — concurrently with the rise in the share of the private sector — since the end of state socialism. This increase occurred only among workers outside the service sector of the economy, however. In addition, the results for men and women are highly similar.


2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Heath

Why does the strength of class voting vary over time? Recent research has emphasized factors related to the structure of political choice at the party level. This article examines different aspects of this choice, and investigates whether voters are more likely to respond to the social or policy cues that parties send voters. The results from the British context suggest that the former are more important than the latter. The central implication of this finding is that social representation matters, and that the social background of political representatives influences how voters relate to political parties.


Author(s):  
María Emilia Román López

1 Introducción2 Objetivos de la investigación3 Sal y salinas a lo largo de la historia4 Las salinas. Marco regulador   4.1 Ámbito mundial   4.2 Ámbito europeo   4.3 Ámbito estatal   4.4 Ámbito autonómico   4.5 Ámbito municial   4.6 Salinas y figuras de protección. Aspectos protegidos5 Conclusiones6 Fuentes documentales   6.1 Referencias bibliográficas   6.2 Referencias de internet ResumenLas salinas generan paisajes de características únicas, tanto por sus valores naturales y medioambientales, como por los valores culturales, patrimoniales, históricos, sociales e identitarios. Actualmente se encuentran, en su mayoría, abandonadas y en estado de ruina, olvidando la importancia cultural, histórica y económica que tuvieron en épocas pasadas. Estos hechos manifiestan la urgencia de la apreciación y el reconocimiento de estos entornos culturales como patrimonio común y de aprovechamiento social inmediato y de que sean objeto de una gestión específica para evitar su desaparición. El objetivo principal de esta investigación ha perseguido el establecimiento y definición de un marco territorial, global e integrador, para los paisajes culturales salineros andaluces, que ha permitido identificar, clasificar, analizar y valorar sus principales características y su evolución en el tiempo, identificando las causas del deterioro y desaparición del patrimonio salinero, evaluando la efectividad de las iniciativas, públicas y/o privadas, y de las figuras de protección, así como analizar las relaciones que establecen con su entorno próximo, con los núcleos de población y habitantes a los que sirven. Este texto demuestra que a pesar de la existencia de numerosas figuras, programas y planes de protección en los diferentes ámbitos sectoriales que confluyen en estos singulares paisajes, no están siendo medidas eficaces frente a su progresivo deterioro y desaparición generalizadaPalabras clave:Paisaje cultural / Patrimonio / Paisaje / Medioambiente / Salinas AbstractSaltworks create unique landscapes with both natural and environmental values, due to their cultural, historical and social background, as well as their heritage and identity. Nowadays they are mostly abandoned and in ruins, leaving the cultural, historical and economic significance, they used to have in the past, forgotten. These facts show the urgency for the appreciation and recognition of these cultural surroundings as a common Heritage of immediate social use, so that they become subject to specific management in order to prevent their disappearance.The main goal of this research has pursued to establish and define a global and inclusive territorial framework for Andalusian cultural saltworks landscapes, which has helped identify, classify, analyze and evaluate their main characteristics and evolution over time, identifying the causes of deterioration and disappearance of the saltworks heritage, assessing the effectiveness of public and private initiatives, and protection projects, as well as analyzing the relationship with their surroundings and inhabitants they serve.This text shows that despite the existence of numerous figures, programs and protection plans in the different sectoral areas that converge in these unique landscapes, they are not effective measures against their progressive deterioration and widespread disappearance.Keywords:Cultural landscape / Heritage / Landscape / Environment / Saltworks


2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 586-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Nilsson ◽  
Felipe Estrada ◽  
Olof Bäckman

Since the 1990s, many countries, including Sweden, have seen declining crime levels. In this article, we study whether this general trend is concealing differences between different social groups. In contrast to the few studies that have to date examined the issue of inequality in the crime drop, we focus on the social background of offenders rather than crime victims. We analyse register data covering three entire Swedish birth cohorts, in which convictions data have been linked to data on parental incomes. In this way, we are able to examine changes over time in the distribution of crime among individuals from different socioeconomic backgrounds. Our results show that crime trends differ by socioeconomic background: decreases in crime (theft offences) are greater among the more affluent, and increases (violent crime) are primarily located among the lower levels of the income distribution. This produces an increasing inequality in the conviction risk, primarily among men. Different mechanisms that can contribute to an understanding of why crime has become increasingly concentrated among less affluent social groups are discussed.


1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANITA S. MAK

Previous research into control theory has primarily employed self-reported delinquency data and recruited students rather than young offenders as subjects. It has been uncertain if the control approach is useful in understanding the behavior of truly delinquent young offenders. The present study examined the psychosocial control characteristics of 103 pairs of official delinquents and nondelinquents matched on social background. Delinquents were found to have lower levels of personal and social control than nondelinquents. Delinquents were more impulsive, were less attached to their parents, liked school less, and had lower educational and occupational expectations and weaker beliefs in the moral validity of the law. These findings provide further evidence of the utility of extending Hirschi's (1969) social control theory to include personal control characteristics, particularly impulse control.


2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Sikora

While research on adolescent occupational expectations is voluminous, it either ignores students who do not report any career plans or imputes their answers. Consequently, little is known about the potential consequences that not having clear occupational expectations in adolescence might have for educational and occupational attainment in young adulthood. Therefore, this article presents evidence from the Longitudinal Survey of Australian Youth (LSAY), which followed students between 2006 and 2016, to consider whether occupational uncertainty in this cohort is better understood as strategic role exploration or structured aimlessness. Uncertainty persists over time as students who do not report career plans at age 16 tend to be occupationally uncertain also seven years later. However, it is occupational uncertainty in young adulthood, not in adolescence, that better predicts the lack of university degree and lower expected life-time earnings at age 26.


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