Aimless or flexible? Does uncertainty in adolescent occupational expectations matter in young adulthood?

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Sikora
Keyword(s):  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Occupational Attainment ◽  
Career Plans ◽  
Occupational Expectations ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
University Degree ◽  
Over Time

While research on adolescent occupational expectations is voluminous, it either ignores students who do not report any career plans or imputes their answers. Consequently, little is known about the potential consequences that not having clear occupational expectations in adolescence might have for educational and occupational attainment in young adulthood. Therefore, this article presents evidence from the Longitudinal Survey of Australian Youth (LSAY), which followed students between 2006 and 2016, to consider whether occupational uncertainty in this cohort is better understood as strategic role exploration or structured aimlessness. Uncertainty persists over time as students who do not report career plans at age 16 tend to be occupationally uncertain also seven years later. However, it is occupational uncertainty in young adulthood, not in adolescence, that better predicts the lack of university degree and lower expected life-time earnings at age 26.

scholarly journals Decreased heritability and emergence of novel genetic effects on pulse wave velocity from youth to young adulthood

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yisong Huang ◽  
Shaoyong Su ◽  
Harold Snieder ◽  
Frank Treiber ◽  
Gaston Kapuku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Pulse Wave Velocity ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Pulse Wave ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIncreased arterial stiffness measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV) is an important parameter in the assessment of cardiovascular risk. Our previous longitudinal study has demonstrated that carotid-distal PWV showed reasonable stability throughout youth and young adulthood. This stability might be driven by genetic factors that are expressed consistently over time. We aimed to illustrate the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to the stability of carotid-distal PWV from youth to young adulthood. We also examined potential ethnic differences. For this purpose, carotid-distal PWV was measured twice in 497 European American (EA) and African American (AA) twins, with an average interval time of 3 years. Twin modelling on PWV showed that heritability decreased over time (62–35%), with the nonshared environmental influences becoming larger. There was no correlation between the nonshared environmental factors on PWV measured at visit 1 and visit 2, with the phenotypic tracking correlation (r = 0.32) completely explained by shared genetic factors over time. Novel genetic influences were identified accounting for a significant part of the variance (19%) at the second measurement occasion. There was no evidence for ethnic differences. In summary, novel genetic effects appear during development into young adulthood and account for a considerable part of the variation in PWV. Environmental influences become larger with age for PWV.

scholarly journals Economic Conditions at School Leaving and Sleep Patterns Across the Life Course

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Catherine Maclean ◽  
Terrence D. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Sleep Quantity ◽  
Quality Sleep ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Work Type

Abstract We use data drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort to study the effects of leaving school in an economic downturn on sleep quality and quantity. We account for the potential endogeneity of economic conditions at school leaving using instrumental variables based on birth year and early state of residence. We find that men who leave school in an economic downturn initially experience lower quality sleep, but these men are able to experience improved sleep quality over time. Women who leave school in an economic downturn experience better sleep quality, although the effect emerges over time. We find that leaving school in an economic downturn increases sleep quantity among men and women. We document heterogeneity by work type.

Self-Esteem and Socioeconomic Status: A Meta-Analytic Review

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean M. Twenge ◽  
W. Keith Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Social Indicator ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Over Time

Socioeconomic status (SES) has a small but significantrelationship with self-esteem (d = .15, r = .08) in a meta-analysis of 446 samples (total participant N = 312,940). Higher SES individuals report higher self-esteem. The effect size is very small in young children, increases substantially during young adulthood, continues higher until middle age, and is then smaller for adults over the age of 60. Gender interacts with birth cohort: The effect size increased over time for women but decreased over time for men. Asians and Asian Americans show a higher effect size, and occupation and education produce higher correlations with self-esteem than income does. The results are most consistent with a social indicator or salience model.

Trajectories of Sport Participation Among Children and Adolescents Across Different Socio-Economic Categories: Multilevel Findings From the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-268
Author(s):  
Tom Perks
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
National Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Over Time

Building upon prior theoretical and empirical work, this study explores the sport participation trajectories of children across different socio-economic status (SES) categories to assess the possibility of changes in the SES-sport participation relationship as children age. Using representative panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, a multilevel analysis of 4,858 children aged 6 to 9 suggests that as children age the SES effect on sport participation persists over time. However, the SES effect on sport participation appears to have relatively small predictive import compared to other factors.

scholarly journals Belief in COVID-19 Conspiracy Theories Reduces Social Distancing over Time

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinga Bierwiaczonek ◽  
Jonas R. Kunst ◽  
Olivia Pich
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Longitudinal Survey Data ◽  
Distance Methods ◽  
Conspiracy Beliefs ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

Background Conspiracy theories about the origins of COVID-19 are wide-spread and have even been propagated by highly ranked state officials and politicians in the U.S. Health authorities have cautioned that such theories, although not questioning the existence of the pandemic, may increase the spread of the virus by reducing people’s efforts to socially distance. Methods We test this proposition empirically using longitudinal survey data collected at five time points during the early outbreak of the virus in the U.S. (N = 403). ResultsMultivariate growth curve analyses showed that, although conspiracy beliefs decreased and social distancing increased over time, people holding more conspiracy beliefs at the beginning of the pandemic showed the lowest increase in social distancing. Moreover, cross-lagged analyses demonstrated that people who reported more conspiracy beliefs at any wave tended to report less social distancing at the following wave. ConclusionsOur findings show that COVID-19 conspiracy theories pose a significant threat to public health as they may reduce adherence to social distancing measures.Keywords Conspiracy theories, COVID-19, social distancing, longitudinal

A Model of Emission Reduction Activity and Cost Reducing R&D

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-56
Author(s):  
Manoj Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Monopolistic Competition ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Crowding Out ◽  
Positive Spillovers ◽  
Innovation Policies ◽  
Over Time

In this paper, we have studied the links between (the timing of) innovation policies and abatement policies under different assumptions of innovation policies such as the possibilities to use patent life time as a policy instrument. We study the timing and interdependence between optimal innovation policy and environmental policy in a model with emission reduction (abatement) activity and cost-reducing R&D through increasing variety numbers. Our analysis is based on an R&D model supplemented with emission-abatement-pollution dynamics, and four imperfections related to innovations; too little production of patented abatement equipment due to monopolistic competition, positive spillovers of innovations due to finite patent lifetime, negative spillovers through crowding out effects within the abatement technology sector, and crowding out effects in other sectors. We find that optimal emission prices and R&D subsidies are substitutes over time. R&D subsidies for clean innovation should start high and fall over time, while optimal emission prices start low and go up. If the lifetime of patents is infinite, we replicate earlier results that suggest R&D policy to be independent of the stage of the environmental problem. Our main result demonstrates that the positive spillovers of innovations due to finite patent lifetime are particularly strong at the early phase of an environmental problem, and to account for this, optimal innovation policy needs to adjust dynamically.

scholarly journals The Evolution of Household Income Volatility

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Dynan ◽  
Douglas Elmendorf ◽  
Daniel Sichel
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Income Volatility ◽  
Transfer Payments ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Labor Earnings ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Using a representative longitudinal survey of U.S. households, we find that household income became noticeably more volatile between the early 1970s and the late 2000s despite the moderation seen in aggregate economic activity during this period. We estimate that the standard deviation of percent changes in household income rose about 30 percent between 1971 and 2008. This widening in the distribution of percent changes was concentrated in the tails. The share of households experiencing a 50 percent plunge in income over a two-year period climbed from about 7 percent in the early 1970s to more than 12 percent in the early 2000s before retreating to 10 percent in the run-up to the Great Recession. Households’ labor earnings and transfer payments have both become more volatile over time. As best we can tell, the rise in the volatility of men’s earnings appears to owe both to greater volatility in earnings per hour and in hours worked.

Educational and occupational attainment and drinking behavior: an expectancy model in young adulthood

Addiction ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 717-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis M. McCarthy ◽  
Gregory A. Aarons ◽  
Sandra A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Occupational Attainment

Early adolescent marijuana use: risks for the transition to young adulthood

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. BROOK ◽  
R. E. ADAMS ◽  
E. B. BALKA ◽  
E. JOHNSON
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Early Adolescent ◽  
Developmental Tasks ◽  
Social Conformity ◽  
Occupational Expectations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Adolescent Marijuana Use

Background. This study assessed the relationship of early adolescent marijuana use to performance of developmental tasks integral to the transition to young adulthood. The tasks concerned intimacy, education, and work and social conformity.Methods. African American (N = 617) and Puerto Rican (N = 531) youths completed questionnaires in their classrooms. Five years later they were individually interviewed. Logistic regression analysis estimated the increased likelihood that early marijuana users would make an inadequate transition to young adult social roles.Results. Analyses examining the association between early marijuana use and 20 outcome variables found significant relationships for 10 of them: (a) having lower educational and occupational expectations; (b) being suspended or expelled from school, fired from jobs, ‘high’ at school or work, collecting welfare; and (c) rebelliousness, not participating in productive activities, not attending church, and being an unmarried parent. Marijuana use was not related to any of the intimate relationship measures. These finding emerged with controls on gender, ethnicity, age and mother's education. Conclusions. Among African Americans and Puerto Ricans, early marijuana use predicts less adequate performance on some developmental tasks integral to becoming an independent young adult. Marijuana is not a benign drug and is associated with future risks for the individual and society at large.

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