On the effects of Fusarium toxin contaminated wheat and wheat chaff on nutrient utilisation and turnover of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in vitro (Rusitec)

ABSTRACTA urfia-formaldehyde-molasses complex appeared to be a promising slow ammonia-releasing urea derivative in in vitro studies. It was compared with urea-molasses mixtures as a non-protein nitrogen supplement to an ad libitum wheat chaff ration for steers. The significantly lower (P < 0·01) crude protein digestibility and intake of digestible crude protein, and the non-significantly lower nitrogen retention on the urea-formaldehyde-molasses complex ration revealed the superiority of simple urea-molasses mixtures as a non-protein nitrogen supplement.

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Comparative performance of broiler chickens offered nutritionally equivalent diets based on six diverse, ‘tannin-free’ sorghum varieties with quantified concentrations of phenolic compounds, kafirin, and phytate

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an16073 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 57 (5) ◽

pp. 828 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ha H. Truong ◽

Karlie A. Neilson ◽

Bernard V. McInerney ◽

Ali Khoddami ◽

Thomas H. Roberts ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Grain Sorghum ◽

Meat Production ◽

Type I ◽

Extrinsic Factors ◽

Comparative Performance ◽

N Retention ◽

Nutrient Utilisation

Starch is the main source of energy in sorghum-based diets but starch/energy utilisation by broiler chickens offered these diets may be substandard. Both in vitro and in vivo data indicate that the digestibility of sorghum starch is inferior to that of other feed grains, especially maize. Three ‘starch-extrinsic’ factors in grain sorghum, namely ‘non-tannin’ phenolic compounds, kafirin and phytate may negatively influence starch/energy utilisation in sorghum-based broiler diets. To test this hypothesis, concentrations of polyphenols, free, bound and conjugated phenolic acids, kafirin and phytate were quantified in six diverse ‘tannin-free’ (Type I) grain sorghum varieties. These sorghums were incorporated into nutritionally equivalent diets at 620 g/kg and offered to male broiler chickens from 7 to 28 days post-hatch. Growth performance, nutrient utilisation (AME, ME : GE ratios, N retention, AMEn) and starch and protein (N) digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates in four small intestinal segments were determined. Numerous relationships that were either significant (P < 0.05), or approached significance (P < 0.10), were detected that indicated various ‘non-tannin’ phenolic compounds, kafirin and phytate in sorghums negatively influenced nutrient utilisation parameters in broiler chickens. ME : GE ratios are sensitive indicators of efficiency of energy utilisation and were most negatively influenced by flavan-4-ols (r = –0.919; P < 0.015), which are polyphenolic compounds. Moreover, flavan-4-ols in tandem with conjugated vanillic acid negatively influenced (r = –0.993; P < 0.005) ME : GE ratios on the basis of a valid multiple linear regression. Similarly, conjugated vanillic and bound ferulic acids in tandem negatively influenced AME (r = –0.990; P < 0.005). N retention was most negatively influenced by kafirin (r = –0.887; P < 0.025). Thus, it appears that both phenolic compounds and kafirin may have deleterious effects on nutrient utilisation of sorghum-based broiler diets and recommendations are made that should enhance the quality of sorghum as a feedstuff for chicken-meat production based on these findings.

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In vitroindications for favourable non-additive effects on ruminal methane mitigation between high-phenolic and high-quality forages

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114512001742 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 109 (4) ◽

pp. 615-622 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Anuraga Jayanegara ◽

Svenja Marquardt ◽

Elizabeth Wina ◽

Michael Kreuzer ◽

Florian Leiber

Keyword(s):

Rumen Fluid ◽

Gas Production ◽

Dietary Quality ◽

Additive Effects ◽

High Quality ◽

Fermentative Capacity ◽

Nutrient Utilisation ◽

Swietenia Mahagoni

Feeding plants containing elevated levels of polyphenols may reduce ruminal CH4emissions, but at the expense of nutrient utilisation. There might, however, be non-additive effects when combining high-phenolic plants with well-digestible, high-nutrient feeds. To test whether non-additive effects exist, the leaves ofCarica papaya(high in dietary quality, low in polyphenols),Clidemia hirta(high in hydrolysable tannins),Swietenia mahagoni(high in condensed tannins) andEugenia aquea(high in non-tannin phenolics) were tested alone and in all possible mixtures (n15 treatments). An amount of 200 mg DM of samples was incubatedin vitro(24 h; 39oC) with buffered rumen fluid using the Hohenheim gas test apparatus. After the incubation, total gas production, CH4concentration and fermentation profiles were determined. The levels of absolute CH4, and CH4:SCFA and CH4:total gas ratios were lower (P< 0·05) when incubating a combination ofC. papayaand any high-phenolic plants (C. hirta,S. mahagoniandE. aquea) than when incubatingC. papayaalone. Additionally, mixtures resulted in non-additive effects for all CH4-related parameters of the order of 2–15 % deviation from the expected value (P< 0·01). This means that, by combining these plants, CH4in relation to the fermentative capacity was lower than that predicted when assuming the linearity of the effects. Similar non-additive effects of combiningC. papayawith the other plants were found for NH3concentrations but not for SCFA concentrations. In conclusion, using mixtures of high-quality plants and high-phenolic plants could be one approach to CH4mitigation; however, this awaitsin vivoconfirmation.

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A Biomimetic Peptide has no Effect on the Isotopic Fractionation during in Vitro Silica Precipitation

10.21203/rs.3.rs-137849/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lucie Cassarino ◽

Paul Curnow ◽

Katharine Hendry

Keyword(s):

Natural Waters ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Isotopic Fractionation ◽

Field Studies ◽

Chemical Precipitation ◽

Silica Precipitation ◽

Nutrient Utilisation ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Diatom Silica

Abstract The stable isotopic composition of diatom silica is used as a proxy for nutrient utilisation in natural waters. This approach provides essential insight into the current and historic links between biological production, carbon cycling and climate. However, estimates of isotopic fractionation during diatom silica production from both laboratory and field studies are variable, and the biochemical pathways responsible remain unknown. Here, we investigate silicon isotopic fractionation through a series of chemical precipitation experiments that are analogous to the first stages of intracellular silica formation within the diatom silicon deposition vesicle. The novelty of our experiment is the inclusion of the R5 peptide, which is closely related to a natural biomolecule known to play a role in diatom silicification. Our results suggest that the presence of R5 induces a systematic but non-significant difference in fractionation behaviour. It thus appears that silicon isotopic fractionation in vitro is largely driven by an early kinetic fractionation during rapid precipitation that correlates with the initial amount of dissolved silica in the system. Our findings raise the question of how environmental changes might impact silicon isotopic fractionation in diatoms, and whether frustule archives record information in addition to silica consumption in surface water.

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The Influence of Processing Parameters on the Mitigation of Deoxynivalenol during Industrial Baking

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins11060317 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 317 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

David Stadler ◽

Francesca Lambertini ◽

Lydia Woelflingseder ◽

Heidi Schwartz-Zimmermann ◽

Doris Marko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Process Management ◽

Sucrose Concentration ◽

Processing Parameters ◽

Processing Conditions ◽

Processing Parameter ◽

Analytical Methodology ◽

Fusarium Toxin ◽

Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass

Deoxynivalenol (DON), a frequent contaminant of flour, can be partially degraded by baking. It is not clear: (i) How the choice of processing parameter (i.e., ingredients, leavening, and baking conditions) affects DON degradation and thus (ii) how much DON can be degraded during the large-scale industrial production of bakery products. Crackers, biscuits, and bread were produced from naturally contaminated flour using different processing conditions. DON degradation during baking was quantified with the most accurate analytical methodology available for this Fusarium toxin, which is based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Depending on the processing conditions, 0–21%, 4–16%, and 2–5% DON were degraded during the production of crackers, biscuits, and bread, respectively. A higher NaHCO3 concentration, baking time, and baking temperature caused higher DON degradation. NH4HCO3, yeast, vinegar, and sucrose concentration as well as leavening time did not enhance DON degradation. In vitro cell viability assays confirmed that the major degradation product isoDON is considerably less toxic than DON. This proves for the first time that large-scale industrial baking results in partial detoxification of DON, which can be enhanced by process management.

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The Fusarium toxin enniatin B exerts no genotoxic activity, but pronounced cytotoxicity in vitro

Molecular Nutrition & Food Research ◽

10.1002/mnfr.200800183 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 423-430 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Claudia Behm ◽

Gisela H. Degen ◽

Wolfram Föllmann

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Toxin ◽

Genotoxic Activity

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In vitro Response to Fusarium Toxin (ZÉN) of Some Winter Wheat and Maize Genotypes

Cereal Research Communications ◽

10.1007/bf03543766 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 503-505

Author(s):

Irina Moraru ◽

Mariana Ittu ◽

Ion Ciocãzan

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Fusarium Toxin ◽

Maize Genotypes ◽

In Vitro Response

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Cricket powder as an alternative protein source for broilers based on in vitro digestibility

Journal of Insects as Food and Feed ◽

10.3920/jiff2018.0043 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 185-191 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Kovitvadhi ◽

P. Chundang ◽

J. Luapan ◽

P. Amarapitak ◽

P. Sriyaphai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Duodenal Mucosa ◽

Acheta Domesticus ◽

Protein Source ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Crude Enzyme Extract ◽

Alternative Protein ◽

Nutrient Utilisation

Pathogen contamination in fishmeal (FM) and the imbalanced amino acid profile in soya meal (SYM) are the disadvantages of the common protein sources in broiler diets. Therefore, FM, SYM and three species of cricket powder (Acheta domesticus: AD, Gryllus testaceus: GT and Gryllus bimaculatus: GB) were screened based on the in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DMd), organic matter (OMd) and crude protein (CPd) to assess whether these insects could be a sustainable alternative protein source for broiler nutrition. Stomach mucosa, duodenal mucosa and pancreas were extracted from broilers to obtain crude enzyme extract (CTX) using two stages of in vitro digestibility. The first stage was performed using gastric mucosa CTX, whereas CTX from the duodenal mucosa and pancreas were added for the second stage. SYM and GB had similar DMd, which were lower than FM, AD and GT (P<0.01). The highest OMd was observed in FM, followed by AD, GT, GB and SYM (P<0.01). A higher CPd was found in the crude protein calibration group (CPd-Cal), in which substrates were adjusted to obtain an equivalent crude protein level as the non-calibration group (CPd-Non). Interestingly, a strong correlation (r=0.99, P<0.01) was found between CPd-Cal and CPd-Non, with the highest CPd presented in FM, followed by SYM, AD, GB and GT (P<0.01). A significant negative correlation was found between the CPd from both groups (CPd-Cal and CPd-Non) and crude fibre (r=-0.96 and -0.95, P<0.05, respectively), whereas a positive correlation was observed for ash (r=0.91 and 0.93, P<0.05, respectively). AD has great potential as a protein source for broilers, greater than other cricket species, based on its DMd, OMd and CPd. However, the CPd of all insect species was lower than that of FM and SYM. Therefore, pre-treatment protocols should be performed to improve nutrient utilisation.

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